Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) provides a uniform framework for implementing network access management. This feature specifies the following security functions:

· Authentication—Identifies users and verifies their validity.

· Authorization—Grants different users different rights, and controls the users' access to resources and services. For example, you can permit office users to read and print files and prevent guests from accessing files on the device.

· Accounting—Records network usage details of users, including the service type, start time, and traffic. This function enables time-based and traffic-based charging and user behavior auditing.

AAA network diagram

AAA uses a client/server model. The client runs on the access device, or the network access server (NAS), which authenticates user identities and controls user access. The server maintains user information centrally. See Figure 1.

Figure 1 AAA network diagram

To access networks or resources beyond the NAS, a user sends its identity information to the NAS. The NAS transparently passes the user information to AAA servers and waits for the authentication, authorization, and accounting result. Based on the result, the NAS determines whether to permit or deny the access request.

AAA has various implementations, including HWTACACS, LDAP, and RADIUS. RADIUS is most often used.

You can use different servers to implement different security functions. For example, you can use an HWTACACS server for authentication and authorization, and use a RADIUS server for accounting.

You can choose the security functions provided by AAA as needed. For example, if your company wants employees to be authenticated before they access specific resources, you would deploy an authentication server. If network usage information is needed, you would also configure an accounting server.

The device performs dynamic password authentication.

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a distributed information interaction protocol that uses a client/server model. The protocol can protect networks against unauthorized access and is often used in network environments that require both high security and remote user access.

The RADIUS authorization process is combined with the RADIUS authentication process, and user authorization information is piggybacked in authentication responses. RADIUS uses UDP port 1812 for authentication and UDP port 1813 for accounting.

RADIUS was originally designed for dial-in user access, and has been extended to support additional access methods, such as Ethernet and ADSL.

Client/server model

The RADIUS client runs on the NASs located throughout the network. It passes user information to RADIUS servers and acts on the responses to, for example, reject or accept user access requests.

The RADIUS server runs on the computer or workstation at the network center and maintains information related to user authentication and network service access.

The RADIUS server operates using the following process:

1. Receives authentication, authorization, and accounting requests from RADIUS clients.

2. Performs user authentication, authorization, or accounting.

3. Returns user access control information (for example, rejecting or accepting the user access request) to the clients.

The RADIUS server can also act as the client of another RADIUS server to provide authentication proxy services.

The RADIUS server maintains the following databases:

· Users—Stores user information, such as the usernames, passwords, applied protocols, and IP addresses.

· Clients—Stores information about RADIUS clients, such as shared keys and IP addresses.

· Dictionary—Stores RADIUS protocol attributes and their values.

Figure 2 RADIUS server databases

Information exchange security mechanism

The RADIUS client and server exchange information between them with the help of shared keys, which are preconfigured on the client and server. A RADIUS packet has a 16-byte field called Authenticator. This field includes a signature generated by using the MD5 algorithm, the shared key, and some other information. The receiver of the packet verifies the signature and accepts the packet only when the signature is correct. This mechanism ensures the security of information exchanged between the RADIUS client and server.

The shared keys are also used to encrypt user passwords that are included in RADIUS packets.

User authentication methods

The RADIUS server supports multiple user authentication methods, such as PAP, CHAP, and EAP.

Basic RADIUS packet exchange process

Figure 3 illustrates the interactions between a user host, the RADIUS client, and the RADIUS server.

Figure 3 Basic RADIUS packet exchange process

RADIUS uses in the following workflow:

1. The host sends a connection request that includes the user's username and password to the RADIUS client.

2. The RADIUS client sends an authentication request (Access-Request) to the RADIUS server. The request includes the user's password, which has been processed by the MD5 algorithm and shared key.

3. The RADIUS server authenticates the username and password. If the authentication succeeds, the server sends back an Access-Accept packet that contains the user's authorization information. If the authentication fails, the server returns an Access-Reject packet.

4. The RADIUS client permits or denies the user according to the authentication result. If the result permits the user, the RADIUS client sends a start-accounting request (Accounting-Request) packet to the RADIUS server.

5. The RADIUS server returns an acknowledgment (Accounting-Response) packet and starts accounting.

6. The user accesses the network resources.

7. The host requests the RADIUS client to tear down the connection.

8. The RADIUS client sends a stop-accounting request (Accounting-Request) packet to the RADIUS server.

9. The RADIUS server returns an acknowledgment (Accounting-Response) and stops accounting for the user.

10. The RADIUS client notifies the user of the termination.

RADIUS packet format

RADIUS uses UDP to transmit packets. The protocol also uses a series of mechanisms to ensure smooth packet exchange between the RADIUS server and the client. These mechanisms include the timer mechanism, the retransmission mechanism, and the backup server mechanism.

Figure 4 RADIUS packet format

Descriptions of the fields are as follows:

· The Code field (1 byte long) indicates the type of the RADIUS packet. Table 1 gives the main values and their meanings.

Table 1 Main values of the Code field

Code	Packet type	Description
1	Access-Request	From the client to the server. A packet of this type includes user information for the server to authenticate the user. It must contain the User-Name attribute and can optionally contain the attributes of NAS-IP-Address, User-Password, and NAS-Port.
2	Access-Accept	From the server to the client. If all attribute values included in the Access-Request are acceptable, the authentication succeeds, and the server sends an Access-Accept response.
3	Access-Reject	From the server to the client. If any attribute value included in the Access-Request is unacceptable, the authentication fails, and the server sends an Access-Reject response.
4	Accounting-Request	From the client to the server. A packet of this type includes user information for the server to start or stop accounting for the user. The Acct-Status-Type attribute in the packet indicates whether to start or stop accounting.
5	Accounting-Response	From the server to the client. The server sends a packet of this type to notify the client that it has received the Accounting-Request and has successfully recorded the accounting information.

· The Identifier field (1 byte long) is used to match response packets with request packets and to detect duplicate request packets. The request and response packets of the same exchange process for the same purpose (such as authentication or accounting) have the same identifier.

· The Length field (2 bytes long) indicates the length of the entire packet (in bytes), including the Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator, and Attributes fields. Bytes beyond this length are considered padding and are ignored by the receiver. If the length of a received packet is less than this length, the packet is dropped.

· The Authenticator field (16 bytes long) is used to authenticate responses from the RADIUS server and to encrypt user passwords. There are two types of authenticators: request authenticator and response authenticator.

· The Attributes field (variable in length) includes authentication, authorization, and accounting information. This field can contain multiple attributes, each with the following subfields:

¡ Type—Type of the attribute.

¡ Length—Length of the attribute in bytes, including the Type, Length, and Value subfields.

¡ Value—Value of the attribute. Its format and content depend on the Type subfield.

Extended RADIUS attributes

The RADIUS protocol features excellent extensibility. The Vendor-Specific attribute (attribute 26) allows a vendor to define extended attributes. The extended attributes can implement functions that the standard RADIUS protocol does not provide.

A vendor can encapsulate multiple subattributes in the TLV format in attribute 26 to provide extended functions. As shown in Figure 5, a subattribute encapsulated in attribute 26 consists of the following parts:

· Vendor-ID—ID of the vendor. The most significant byte is 0. The other three bytes contains a code compliant to RFC 1700.

· Vendor-Type—Type of the subattribute.

· Vendor-Length—Length of the subattribute.

· Vendor-Data—Contents of the subattribute.

The device supports RADIUS subattributes with a vendor ID of 25506. For more information, see "Appendix C RADIUS subattributes (vendor ID 25506)."

Figure 5 Format of attribute 26

HWTACACS

HW Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (HWTACACS) is an enhanced security protocol based on TACACS (RFC 1492). HWTACACS is similar to RADIUS, and uses a client/server model for information exchange between the NAS and the HWTACACS server.

HWTACACS typically provides AAA services for VPDN, PPP, and terminal users. In a typical HWTACACS scenario, terminal users need to log in to the NAS. Working as the HWTACACS client, the NAS sends users' usernames and passwords to the HWTACACS server for authentication. After passing authentication and obtaining authorized rights, a user logs in to the device and performs operations. The HWTACACS server records the operations that each user performs.

Differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS

HWTACACS and RADIUS have many features in common, such as using a client/server model, using shared keys for data encryption, and providing flexibility and scalability. Table 2 lists the primary differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS.

Table 2 Primary differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS

HWTACACS	RADIUS
Uses TCP, which provides reliable network transmission.	Uses UDP, which provides high transport efficiency.
Encrypts the entire packet except for the HWTACACS header.	Encrypts only the user password field in an authentication packet.
Protocol packets are complicated and authorization is independent of authentication. Authentication and authorization can be deployed on different HWTACACS servers.	Protocol packets are simple and the authorization process is combined with the authentication process.
Supports authorization of configuration commands. Access to commands depends on both the user's roles and authorization. A user can use only commands that are permitted by the user roles and authorized by the HWTACACS server.	Does not support authorization of configuration commands. Access to commands solely depends on the user's roles. For more information about user roles, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

Basic HWTACACS packet exchange process

Figure 6 describes how HWTACACS performs user authentication, authorization, and accounting for a Telnet user.

Figure 6 Basic HWTACACS packet exchange process for a Telnet user

HWTACACS operates using in the following workflow:

1. A Telnet user sends an access request to the HWTACACS client.

2. The HWTACACS client sends a start-authentication packet to the HWTACACS server when it receives the request.

3. The HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response to request the username.

4. Upon receiving the response, the HWTACACS client asks the user for the username.

5. The user enters the username.

6. After receiving the username from the user, the HWTACACS client sends the server a continue-authentication packet that includes the username.

7. The HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response to request the login password.

8. Upon receipt of the response, the HWTACACS client prompts the user for the login password.

9. The user enters the password.

10. After receiving the login password, the HWTACACS client sends the HWTACACS server a continue-authentication packet that includes the login password.

11. If the authentication succeeds, the HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response to indicate that the user has passed authentication.

12. The HWTACACS client sends a user authorization request packet to the HWTACACS server.

13. If the authorization succeeds, the HWTACACS server sends back an authorization response, indicating that the user is now authorized.

14. Knowing that the user is now authorized, the HWTACACS client pushes its CLI to the user and permits the user to log in.

15. The HWTACACS client sends a start-accounting request to the HWTACACS server.

16. The HWTACACS server sends back an accounting response, indicating that it has received the start-accounting request.

17. The user logs off.

18. The HWTACACS client sends a stop-accounting request to the HWTACACS server.

19. The HWTACACS server sends back a stop-accounting response, indicating that the stop-accounting request has been received.

LDAP

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) provides standard multiplatform directory service. LDAP was developed on the basis of the X.500 protocol. It improves the following functions of X.500:

· Read/write interactive access.

· Browse.

· Search.

LDAP is suitable for storing data that does not often change. The protocol is used to store user information. For example, LDAP server software Active Directory Server is used in Microsoft Windows operating systems. The software stores the user information and user group information for user login authentication and authorization.

LDAP directory service

LDAP uses directories to maintain the organization information, personnel information, and resource information. The directories are organized in a tree structure and include entries. An entry is a set of attributes with distinguished names (DNs). The attributes are used to store information such as usernames, passwords, emails, computer names, and phone numbers.

LDAP uses a client/server model, and all directory information is stored in the LDAP server. Commonly used LDAP server products include Microsoft Active Directory Server, IBM Tivoli Directory Server, and Sun ONE Directory Server.

LDAP authentication and authorization

AAA can use LDAP to provide authentication and authorization services for users. LDAP defines a set of operations to implement its functions. The main operations for authentication and authorization are the bind operation and search operation.

· The bind operation allows an LDAP client to perform the following operations:

¡ Establish a connection with the LDAP server.

¡ Obtain the access rights to the LDAP server.

¡ Check the validity of user information.

· The search operation constructs search conditions and obtains the directory resource information of the LDAP server.

In LDAP authentication, the client completes the following tasks:

1. Uses the LDAP server administrator DN to bind with the LDAP server. After the binding is created, the client establishes a connection to the server and obtains the right to search.

2. Constructs search conditions by using the username in the authentication information of a user. The specified root directory of the server is searched and a user DN list is generated.

3. Binds with the LDAP server by using each user DN and password. If a binding is created, the user is considered legal.

In LDAP authorization, the client performs the same tasks as in LDAP authentication. When the client constructs search conditions, it obtains both authorization information and the user DN list.

Basic LDAP authentication process

The following example illustrates the basic LDAP authentication process for a Telnet user.

Figure 7 Basic LDAP authentication process for a Telnet user

The following shows the basic LDAP authentication process:

1. A Telnet user initiates a connection request and sends the username and password to the LDAP client.

2. After receiving the request, the LDAP client establishes a TCP connection with the LDAP server.

3. To obtain the right to search, the LDAP client uses the administrator DN and password to send an administrator bind request to the LDAP server.

4. The LDAP server processes the request. If the bind operation is successful, the LDAP server sends an acknowledgment to the LDAP client.

5. The LDAP client sends a user DN search request with the username of the Telnet user to the LDAP server.

6. After receiving the request, the LDAP server searches for the user DN by the base DN, search scope, and filtering conditions. If a match is found, the LDAP server sends a response to notify the LDAP client of the successful search. There might be one or more user DNs found.

7. The LDAP client uses the obtained user DN and the entered user password as parameters to send a user DN bind request to the LDAP server. The server will check whether the user password is correct.

8. The LDAP server processes the request, and sends a response to notify the LDAP client of the bind operation result. If the bind operation fails, the LDAP client uses another obtained user DN as the parameter to send a user DN bind request to the LDAP server. This process continues until a DN is bound successfully or all DNs fail to be bound. If all user DNs fail to be bound, the LDAP client notifies the user of the login failure and denies the user's access request.

9. The LDAP client saves the user DN that has been bound and exchanges authorization packets with the authorization server.

If LDAP authorization is used, see the authorization process shown in Figure 8.

If another method is expected for authorization, the authorization process of that method applies.

10. After successful authorization, the LDAP client notifies the user of the successful login.

Basic LDAP authorization process

The following example illustrates the basic LDAP authorization process for a Telnet user.

Figure 8 Basic LDAP authorization process for a Telnet user

The following shows the basic LDAP authorization process:

1. A Telnet user initiates a connection request and sends the username and password to the device. The device will act as the LDAP client during authorization.

2. After receiving the request, the device exchanges authentication packets with the authentication server for the user:

¡ If LDAP authentication is used, see the authentication process shown in Figure 7.

- If the device (the LDAP client) uses the same LDAP server for authentication and authorization, skip to step 6.

- If the device (the LDAP client) uses different LDAP servers for authentication and authorization, skip to step 4.

¡ If another authentication method is used, the authentication process of that method applies. The device acts as the LDAP client. Skip to step 3.

3. The LDAP client establishes a TCP connection with the LDAP authorization server.

4. To obtain the right to search, the LDAP client uses the administrator DN and password to send an administrator bind request to the LDAP server.

5. The LDAP server processes the request. If the bind operation is successful, the LDAP server sends an acknowledgment to the LDAP client.

6. The LDAP client sends an authorization search request with the username of the Telnet user to the LDAP server. If the user uses the same LDAP server for authentication and authorization, the client sends the request with the saved user DN of the Telnet user to the LDAP server.

7. After receiving the request, the LDAP server searches for the user information by the base DN, search scope, filtering conditions, and LDAP attributes. If a match is found, the LDAP server sends a response to notify the LDAP client of the successful search.

8. After successful authorization, the LDAP client notifies the user of the successful login.

User management based on ISP domains and user access types

AAA manages users based on the users' ISP domains and access types.

On a NAS, each user belongs to one ISP domain. The NAS determines the ISP domain to which a user belongs based on the username entered by the user at login.

Figure 9 Determining the ISP domain for a user by username

AAA manages users in the same ISP domain based on the users' access types. The device supports the following user access types:

· LAN—LAN users must pass MAC authentication to come online.

· Login—Login users include SSH, Telnet, FTP, and terminal users that log in to the device. Terminal users can access through a console port.

· ADVPN.

· Portal—Portal users must pass portal authentication to access the network.

· PPP.

· IPoE—IPoE users include Layer 2 and Layer 3 leased line users and Set Top Box (STB) users.

· IKE—IKE users must pass IKE extended authentication to access the network.

· HTTP/HTTPS—Users log in to the device through HTTP or HTTPS.

· SSL VPN.

Authentication, authorization, and accounting methods

AAA supports configuring different authentication, authorization, and accounting methods for different types of users in an ISP domain. The NAS determines the ISP domain and access type of a user. The NAS also uses the methods configured for the access type in the domain to control the user's access.

AAA also supports configuring a set of default methods for an ISP domain. These default methods are applied to users for whom no AAA methods are configured.

Authentication methods

The device supports the following authentication methods:

· No authentication—This method trusts all users and does not perform authentication. For security purposes, do not use this method.

· Local authentication—The NAS authenticates users by itself, based on the locally configured user information including the usernames, passwords, and attributes. Local authentication allows high speed and low cost, but the amount of information that can be stored is limited by the size of the storage space.

· Remote authentication—The NAS works with a remote server to authenticate users. The NAS communicates with the remote server through the RADIUS, LDAP, or HWTACACS protocol. The server manages user information in a centralized manner. Remote authentication provides high capacity, reliable, and centralized authentication services for multiple NASs. You can configure backup methods to be used when the remote server is not available.

Authorization methods

The device supports the following authorization methods:

· No authorization—The NAS performs no authorization exchange. The following default authorization information applies after users pass authentication:

¡ Login users obtain the level-0 user role. For more information about the level-0 user role, see RBAC configuration in Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

¡ The working directory for FTP, SFTP, and SCP login users is the root directory of the NAS. However, the users do not have permission to access the root directory.

¡ Non-login users can access the network.

· Local authorization—The NAS performs authorization according to the user attributes locally configured for users.

· Remote authorization—The NAS works with a remote server to authorize users. RADIUS authorization is bound with RADIUS authentication. RADIUS authorization can work only after RADIUS authentication is successful, and the authorization information is included in the Access-Accept packet. HWTACACS or LDAP authorization is separate from authentication, and the authorization information is included in the authorization response after successful authentication. You can configure backup methods to be used when the remote server is not available.

Accounting methods

The device supports the following accounting methods:

· No accounting—The NAS does not perform accounting for the users.

· Local accounting—Local accounting is implemented on the NAS. It counts and controls the number of concurrent users that use the same local user account, but does not provide statistics for charging.

· Remote accounting—The NAS works with a RADIUS server or HWTACACS server for accounting. You can configure backup methods to be used when the remote server is not available.

AAA extended functions

The device provides the following login services to enhance device security:

· Command authorization—Enables the NAS to let the authorization server determine whether a command entered by a login user is permitted. Login users can execute only commands permitted by the authorization server. For more information about command authorization, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

· Command accounting—When command authorization is disabled, command accounting enables the accounting server to record all valid commands executed on the device. When command authorization is enabled, command accounting enables the accounting server to record all authorized commands. For more information about command accounting, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

· User role authentication—Authenticates each user that wants to obtain another user role without logging out or getting disconnected. For more information about user role authentication, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

AAA for VPNs

You can deploy AAA across VPNs to enable forwarding of authentication, authorization, and accounting packets across VPNs. The NAS connecting to clients transparently delivers the AAA packets of private users in multiple VPNs to the AAA servers in a different VPN for centralized authentication. Authentication packets of private users in different VPNs do not affect each other.

This feature can also help the device to implement portal authentication for VPNs. For more information about VPN instances, see VPN Instances Configuration Guide. For more information about portal authentication, see "Configuring portal authentication."

Protocols and standards

· RFC 2865, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)

· RFC 2866, RADIUS Accounting

· RFC 2867, RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support

· RFC 2868, RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support

· RFC 2869, RADIUS Extensions

· RFC 3576, Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)

· RFC 4818, RADIUS Delegated-IPv6-Prefix Attribute

· RFC 5176, Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)

· RFC 1492, An Access Control Protocol, Sometimes Called TACACS

· RFC 1777, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

· RFC 2251, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3)

AAA tasks at a glance

To configure AAA, perform the following tasks:

1. Configuring AAA schemes

If local authentication is used, configure local users and the related attributes. If remote authentication is used, configure the required RADIUS, LDAP, or HWTACACS schemes.

¡ Configuring local users

¡ Configuring RADIUS

¡ Configuring HWTACACS

¡ Configuring LDAP

2. Configuring an ISP domain

a. Creating an ISP domain

b. Configuring ISP domain attributes

3. Configuring AAA methods for an ISP domain

Configure authentication, authorization, and accounting methods for an ISP domain as needed. These methods use existing AAA schemes.

¡ Configuring authentication methods for an ISP domain

¡ Configuring authorization methods for an ISP domain

¡ Configuring accounting methods for an ISP domain

4. (Optional.) Configuring advanced AAA features

¡ Setting the maximum number of concurrent login users

¡ Configuring a NAS-ID

¡ Configuring the device ID

¡ Enabling password change prompt logging

Configuring local users

About local users

To implement local authentication, authorization, and accounting, create local users and configure user attributes on the device. The local users and attributes are stored in the local user database on the device. A local user is uniquely identified by the combination of a username and a user type.

Local users are classified into the following types:

· Device management user—User that logs in to the device for device management.

· Network access user—User that accesses network resources through the device.

Network access users also include guests that access the network temporarily. Guests can use only LAN and portal services.

The following shows the configurable local user attributes:

· Description—Descriptive information of the user.

· Service type—Services that the user can use. Local authentication checks the service types of a local user. If none of the service types is available, the user cannot pass authentication.

· User state—Whether or not a local user can request network services. There are two user states: active and blocked. A user in active state can request network services, but a user in blocked state cannot.

· Upper limit of concurrent logins using the same user name—Maximum number of users that can concurrently access the device by using the same user name. When the number reaches the upper limit, no more local users can access the device by using the user name.

· User group—Each local user belongs to a local user group and has all attributes of the group. The attributes include the password control attributes and authorization attributes. For more information about local user group, see "Configuring user group attributes."

· Identity group—The user identification module controls the network access of a local user based on the identity group to which the user belongs. For more information about identity-based user identification, see "Configuring user identification."

· Binding attributes—Binding attributes control the scope of users, and are checked during local authentication of a user. If the attributes of a user do not match the binding attributes configured for the local user account, the user cannot pass authentication.

· Authorization attributes—Authorization attributes indicate the user's rights after it passes local authentication.

Configure the authorization attributes based on the service type of local users. For example, you do not need to configure the FTP/SFTP/SCP working directory attribute for a PPP user.

You can configure an authorization attribute in user group view or local user view. The setting of an authorization attribute in local user view takes precedence over the attribute setting in user group view.

The attribute configured in user group view takes effect on all local users in the user group.

The attribute configured in local user view takes effect only on the local user.

· Password control attributes—Password control attributes help control password security for device management users. Password control attributes include password aging time, minimum password length, password composition checking, password complexity checking, and login attempt limit.

You can configure a password control attribute in system view, user group view, or local user view. A password control attribute with a smaller effective range has a higher priority. For more information about password management and global password configuration, see "Configuring password control."

· Validity period—Time period in which a network access user is considered valid for authentication.

Local user configuration tasks at a glance

To configure local users, perform the following tasks:

1. Configuring local user attributes

¡ Configuring attributes for device management users

¡ Configuring attributes for network access users

¡ Configuring local guest attributes

2. (Optional.) Configuring user group attributes

3. (Optional.) Configuring local users in batch

4. (Optional.) Managing network access users

5. (Optional.) Managing local guests

Configuring attributes for device management users

Restrictions and guidelines

If password control is enabled globally by using the password-control enable command, the device does not display local user passwords or retain them in the running configuration. When you globally disable the password control feature, local user passwords are automatically restored to the running configuration. To display the running configuration, use the display current-configuration command.

You can configure authorization attributes and password control attributes in local user view or user group view. The setting in local user view takes precedence over the setting in user group view.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Add a device management user and enter device management user view.

local-user user-name class manage

3. Configure a password for the device management user.

password [ { hash | simple } string ]

A non-password-protected user passes authentication if the user provides the correct username and passes attribute checks. To enhance security, configure a password for each device management user.

4. Assign services to the device management user.

service-type { ftp | { http | https | ssh | telnet | terminal } * }

By default, no services are authorized to a device management user.

5. (Optional.) Set the status of the device management user.

state { active | block }

By default, a device management user is in active state and can request network services.

6. (Optional.) Set the upper limit of concurrent logins using the device management username.

access-limit max-user-number

By default, the number of concurrent logins is not limited for a device management user.

This command takes effect only when local accounting is configured for device management users. This command does not apply to FTP, SFTP, or SCP users that do not support accounting.

7. (Optional.) Configure authorization attributes for the device management user.

authorization-attribute { idle-cut minutes | user-role role-name | work-directory directory-name } *

The following default settings apply:

¡ The working directory for FTP, SFTP, and SCP users is the root directory of the NAS. However, the users do not have permission to access the root directory.

¡ The network-operator user role is assigned to local users that are created by a network-admin or level-15 user on the default context. The context-operator user role is assigned to local users that are created by a context-admin or level-15 user on a non-default context.

8. (Optional.) Configure password control attributes for the device management user. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Set the password aging time.

password-control aging aging-time

¡ Set the minimum password length.

password-control length length

¡ Configure the password composition policy.

password-control composition type-number type-number [ type-length type-length ]

¡ Configure the password complexity checking policy.

password-control complexity { same-character | user-name } check

¡ Configure the maximum login attempts and the action to take if there is a login failure.

password-control login-attempt login-times [ exceed { lock | lock-time time | unlock } ]

By default, a device management user uses password control attributes of the user group to which the user belongs.

9. (Optional.) Assign the device management user to a user group.

group group-name

By default, a device management user belongs to user group system.

Configuring attributes for network access users

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure authorization attributes in local user view or user group view. The setting in local user view takes precedence over the setting in user group view.

Configure the location binding attribute based on the service types of users.

· For MAC authentication users, specify the MAC authentication-enabled Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces through which the users access the device.

· For portal users, specify the portal-enabled interfaces through which the users access the device. Specify the Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces if portal is enabled on VLAN interfaces and the portal roaming enable command is not used.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Add a network access user and enter network access user view.

local-user user-name class network

3. (Optional.) Configure a password for the network access user.

password { cipher | simple } string

4. (Optional.) Configure a description for the network access user.

description text

By default, no description is configured for a local user.

5. Assign services to the network access user.

service-type { advpn | ike | ipoe | lan-access | portal | ppp | sslvpn }

By default, no services are authorized to a network access user.

6. (Optional.) Set the status of the network access user.

state { active | block }

By default, a network access user is in active state and can request network services.

7. (Optional.) Set the upper limit of concurrent logins using the network access username.

access-limit max-user-number

By default, the number of concurrent logins is not limited for a network access user.

8. (Optional.) Configure binding attributes for the network access user.

bind-attribute { call-number call-number [ : subcall-number ] | location interface interface-type interface-number | mac mac-address | vlan vlan-id } *

By default, no binding attributes are configured for a network access user.

9. (Optional.) Configure authorization attributes for the network access user.

authorization-attribute { acl acl-number | callback-number callback-number | idle-cut minutes | ip ipv4-address | ip-pool ipv4-pool-name | ipv6 ipv6-address | ipv6-pool ipv6-pool-name | ipv6-prefix ipv6-prefix prefix-length | { primary-dns | secondary-dns } { ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } | session-timeout minutes | sslvpn-policy-group group-name | url url-string | vlan vlan-id | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name } *

By default, a network access user does not have authorization attributes.

10. (Optional.) Assign the network access user to a user group.

group group-name

By default, a network access user belongs to user group system.

11. (Optional.) Assign the network access user to an identity group.

identity-group group-name

By default, a network access user does not belong to any identity groups.

You can execute this command multiple times to add a network access user to multiple identity groups. After you add a network access user to an identity group, the system automatically synchronizes the configuration to the identity group. Then, the user is available in user group view of the identity group.

12. (Optional.) specify the validity period for the local user.

validity-datetime { from start-date start-time to expiration-date expiration-time | from start-date start-time | to expiration-date expiration-time }

By default, the validity period for a network access user does not expire.

Configuring local guest attributes

About this task

Create local guests and configure guest attributes to control temporary network access behavior. Guests can access the network after passing local authentication. You can configure the recipient addresses and email attribute information to the local guests and guest sponsors.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a local guest and enter local guest view.

local-user user-name class network guest

3. (Optional.) Configure a password for the local guest.

password { cipher | simple } string

4. Configure basic information for the local guest. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Configure a description for the local guest.

description text

By default, no description is configured for a local guest.

¡ Specify the name of the local guest.

full-name name-string

By default, no name is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the company of the local guest.

company company-name

By default, no company is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the phone number of the local guest.

phone phone-number

By default, no phone number is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the email address of the local guest.

email email-string

By default, no email address is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the sponsor name for the local guest.

sponsor-full-name name-string

By default, no sponsor name is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the sponsor department for the local guest.

sponsor-department department-string

By default, no sponsor department is specified for a local guest.

¡ Specify the sponsor email address for the local guest.

sponsor-email email-string

By default, no sponsor email address is specified for a local guest.

5. (Optional.) Configure the validity period for the local guest.

validity-datetime from start-date start-time to expiration-date expiration-time

By default, a local guest does not expire.

6. (Optional.) Assign the local guest to a user group.

group group-name

By default, a local guest belongs to the system-defined user group system.

7. (Optional.) Configure the local guest status.

state { active | block }

By default, a local guest is in active state and is allowed to request network services.

Configuring user group attributes

About this task

User groups simplify local user configuration and management. A user group contains a group of local users and has a set of local user attributes. You can configure local user attributes for a user group to implement centralized user attributes management for the local users in the group. Local user attributes that are manageable include authorization attributes.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a user group and enter user group view.

user-group group-name

By default, a system-defined user group exists. The group name is system.

3. Configure authorization attributes for the user group.

authorization-attribute { acl acl-number | callback-number callback-number | idle-cut minutes | ip-pool ipv4-pool-name | ipv6-pool ipv6-pool-name | ipv6-prefix ipv6-prefix prefix-length | { primary-dns | secondary-dns } { ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } | session-timeout minutes | sslvpn-policy-group group-name | url url-string | vlan vlan-id | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name | work-directory directory-name } *

By default, no authorization attributes are configured for a user group.

4. (Optional.) Configure password control attributes for the user group. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Set the password aging time.

password-control aging aging-time

¡ Set the minimum password length.

password-control length length

¡ Configure the password composition policy.

password-control composition type-number type-number [ type-length type-length ]

¡ Configure the password complexity checking policy.

password-control complexity { same-character | user-name } check

¡ Configure the maximum login attempts and the action to take for login failures.

password-control login-attempt login-times [ exceed { lock | lock-time time | unlock } ]

By default, a user group uses the global password control settings. For more information, see "Configuring password control."

Password control attributes are applicable only to device management users.

5. (Optional.) Assign identity members to the user group.

identity-member { group group-name | user user-name }

By default, no identity members exist in a user group.

You cannot add a user group to a lower-level group that is an identity member of the group.

Configuring local users in batch

About this task

You can import or export local network access users in batch.

Importing local users in batch

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Import user account information from a .csv file in the specified path to create network access users based on the imported information.

local-user-import class network url url-string [ auto-create-group | override | start-line line-number ] *

Make sure the .csv file contains at least the user name for each account. If other parameters are not specified for accounts in the file, the system automatically assigns them default values.

Exporting local users in batch

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Export network access user account information to a .csv file in the specified path.

local-user-export class network url url-string [ from { group group-name | user user-name } ]

Before the import, you can edit the file as needed. For information about the editing restrictions, see Security Command Reference.

Managing network access users

About this task

You can configure the device to generate a random password for a network access user on the Web interface. The device supports sending the random password and other user account information to the user by email. The email and email server parameters can be configured from the Web interface or at the CLI.

Perform the tasks in this section to configure the email and email server parameters at the CLI.

Restrictions and guidelines

Make sure the device and the SMTP email server have routes to reach each other.

Make sure the user emails configured on the Web interface are valid and reachable.

The configurations on the Web interface and CLI for the same attribute will overwrite each other.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Configure parameters for the email notifications sent to network access users.

¡ Configure the email sender address.

access-user email sender email-address

By default, no email sender address is configured.

¡ Configure the body and subject of the email notifications sent to network access users.

access-user email format { body body-string | subject sub-string }

By default, the email subject is Password reset notification, and the email body is as follows:

A random password has been generated for your account.

Username: xxx

Password: yyy

Validity: YYYY/MM/DD hh:mm:ss to YYYY/MM/DD hh:mm:ss

3. Configure SMTP server parameters for the email notifications sent to network access users.

¡ Specify an SMTP server to send email notifications to network access users.

access-user email smtp-server url-string

By default, no SMTP server is specified to send email notifications to network access users.

¡ Configure the username and password of the SMTP server.

access-user email authentication username user-name password { cipher | simple } string

By default, no username or password is configured for logging in to an SMTP server.

If the SMTP server requires a username and password for login, you must configure the username and password on the device for the server.

Managing local guests

About this task

The local guest management features are for registration, approval, maintenance, and access control of local guests.

The registration and approval processes are as follows:

1. The device pushes the portal user registration page to a user that wants to access the network as a local guest.

2. The user submits account information for registration, including the user name, password, and email address.

3. The device forwards the registration request to the guest manager in an email notification.

4. The guest manager adds supplementary information as needed and approves the registration information.

The guest manager must process the registration request before the waiting-approval timeout timer expires. The device automatically deletes expired registration request information.

5. The device creates a local guest account and sends an email notification to the user and guest sponsor. The email contains local guest account, password, validity period, and other account information.

The user can access the network as a local guest.

The device provides the following local guest management features:

· Registration and approval—The device creates local guests after the guest registration information is approved by a guest manager.

· Email notification—The device notifies the local guests, guest sponsors, or guest managers by email of the guest account information or guest registration requests.

· Local guest creation in batch—Create a batch of local guests.

· Local guest import—Import guest account information from a .csv file to create local guests on the device based on the imported information.

· Local guest export—Export local guest account information to a .csv file. You can import the account information to other devices as needed.

· Guest auto-delete—The device checks the validity status of each local guest and automatically deletes expired local guests.

Procedure

1. Enter system view

system-view

2. Configure the email notification feature for local guests.

a. Configure the subject and body of email notifications.

local-guest email format to { guest | manager | sponsor } { body body-string | subject sub-string }

By default, no subject or body is configured.

b. Configure the email sender address in the email notifications sent by the device for local guests.

local-guest email sender email-address

By default, no email sender address is configured for the email notifications sent by the device.

c. Specify an SMTP server for sending email notifications of local guests.

local-guest email smtp-server url-string

By default, no SMTP server is specified.

3. Configure the guest manager's email address.

local-guest manager-email email-address

By default, the guest manager's email address is not configured.

4. (Optional.) Set the waiting-approval timeout timer for guest registration requests.

local-guest timer waiting-approval time-value

By default, the waiting-approval timeout timer for guest registration requests is 24 hours.

5. (Optional.) Import guest account information from a .csv file in the specified path to create local guests based on the imported information.

local-user-import class network guest url url-string validity-datetime start-date start-time to expiration-date expiration-time [ auto-create-group | override | start-line line-number ] *

6. (Optional.) Create local guests in batch.

local-guest generate username-prefix name-prefix [ password-prefix password-prefix ] suffix suffix-number [ group group-name ] count user-count validity-datetime start-date start-time to expiration-date expiration-time

Batch generated local guests share the same name prefix. You can also configure a password prefix to be shared by the guests.

7. (Optional.) Export local guest account information to a .csv file in the specified path.

local-user-export class network guest url url-string

8. (Optional.) Enable the guest auto-delete feature.

local-guest auto-delete enable

By default, the guest auto-delete feature is disabled.

9. (Optional.) Send email notifications to the local guest or the guest sponsor.

a. Return to user view.

quit

b. Send email notifications to the local guest or the guest sponsor. The email contents include the user name, password, and validity period of the guest account.

local-guest send-email user-name user-name to { guest | sponsor }

Display and maintenance commands for local users and local user groups

Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.

Task	Command
Display pending registration requests for local guests.	display local-guest waiting-approval [ user-name user-name ]
Display the local user configuration and online user statistics.	display local-user [ class { manage \| network [ guest ] } \| idle-cut { disable \| enable } \| service-type { advpn \| ftp \| http \| https \| ike \| ipoe \| lan-access \| portal \| ppp \| ssh \| sslvpn \| telnet \| terminal } \| state { active \| block } \| user-name user-name class { manage \| network [ guest ] } \| vlan vlan-id ]
Display user group configuration.	display user-group { all \| name group-name } [ identity-member { all \| group \| user } ]
Clear pending registration requests for local guests.	reset local-guest waiting-approval [ user-name user-name ]

Configuring RADIUS

RADIUS tasks at a glance

To configure RADIUS, perform the following tasks:

1. Configuring a test profile for RADIUS server status detection

To detect the status of a RADIUS server, you must configure a test profile and configure the RADIUS server to use the test profile in a RADIUS scheme.

2. Creating a RADIUS scheme

3. Specifying RADIUS authentication servers

4. Specifying the RADIUS accounting servers

5. Specifying the shared keys for secure RADIUS communication

Perform this task if no shared keys are specified when configuring RADIUS authentication or accounting servers.

6. Specifying the MPLS L3VPN instance for a RADIUS scheme

Perform this task if no MPLS L3VPN instances are specified when configuring RADIUS authentication or accounting servers.

7. (Optional.) Setting the status of RADIUS servers

8. (Optional.) Setting RADIUS timers

9. (Optional.) Configuring parameters for RADIUS packets

¡ Specifying the source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets

¡ Setting the username format and traffic statistics units

¡ Setting the maximum number of RADIUS request transmission attempts

¡ Setting the maximum number of real-time accounting attempts

¡ Setting the DSCP priority for RADIUS packets

10. (Optional.) Configuring parameters for RADIUS attributes

¡ Configuring the Login-Service attribute check method for SSH, FTP, and terminal users

¡ Enabling online user password change by using RADIUS attribute 17

¡ Interpreting the RADIUS class attribute as CAR parameters

¡ Configuring the MAC address format for RADIUS attribute 31

¡ Specifying a server version for interoperating with servers with a vendor ID of 2011

¡ Setting the data measurement unit for the Remanent_Volume attribute

¡ Specifying the format for attribute Acct-Session-Id

¡ Configuring the RADIUS attribute translation feature

11. (Optional.) Configuring extended RADIUS features

¡ Configuring the RADIUS accounting-on feature

¡ Configuring the RADIUS session-control feature

¡ Configuring the RADIUS DAS feature

¡ Enabling SNMP notifications for RADIUS

Configuring a test profile for RADIUS server status detection

About this task

To detect the reachability of a RADIUS authentication server, specify a test profile for the RADIUS server when you specify the server in a RADIUS scheme. With the test profile, the device refreshes the RADIUS server status at each detection interval according to the detection result. If the server is unreachable, the device sets the status of the server to blocked. If the server is reachable, the device sets the status of the server to active.

After you specify an existing test profile, the device starts detecting the status of a RADIUS server by simulating an authentication request with the username specified in the test profile. The authentication request is sent to the RADIUS server within each detection interval. The device determines that the RADIUS server is reachable if the device receives a response from the server within the interval.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure multiple test profiles in the system.

The device stops detecting the status of a RADIUS server when one of the following operations is performed:

· The RADIUS server is removed from the RADIUS scheme.

· The test profile configuration for the RADIUS server is removed in RADIUS scheme view.

· The test profile specified for the RADIUS server is deleted.

· The RADIUS server is manually set to the blocked state.

· The RADIUS scheme that contains the RADIUS server is deleted.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Configure a test profile for detecting the status of RADIUS authentication servers.

radius-server test-profile profile-name username name [ interval interval ]

Creating a RADIUS scheme

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure a maximum of 16 RADIUS schemes. A RADIUS scheme can be used by multiple ISP domains.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a RADIUS scheme and enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

Specifying RADIUS authentication servers

About this task

A RADIUS authentication server completes authentication and authorization together, because authorization information is piggybacked in authentication responses sent to RADIUS clients.

You can specify one primary authentication server and a maximum of 16 secondary authentication servers for a RADIUS scheme. Secondary servers provide AAA services when the primary server becomes unreachable. The device searches for an active server in the order the secondary servers are configured.

Restrictions and guidelines

If redundancy is not required, specify only the primary server.

A RADIUS authentication server can function as the primary authentication server for one scheme and a secondary authentication server for another scheme at the same time.

Two authentication servers in a scheme, primary or secondary, cannot have the same combination of IP address, VPN instance, and port number.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify the primary RADIUS authentication server.

primary authentication { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | test-profile profile-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no primary RADIUS authentication server is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary RADIUS authentication server.

secondary authentication { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | test-profile profile-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no secondary RADIUS authentication servers are specified.

Specifying the RADIUS accounting servers

About this task

You can specify one primary accounting server and a maximum of 16 secondary accounting servers for a RADIUS scheme. Secondary servers provide AAA services when the primary server becomes unavailable. The device searches for an active server in the order the secondary servers are configured.

Restrictions and guidelines

If redundancy is not required, specify only the primary server.

A RADIUS accounting server can function as the primary accounting server for one scheme and a secondary accounting server for another scheme at the same time.

Two accounting servers in a scheme, primary or secondary, cannot have the same combination of IP address, VPN instance, and port number.

RADIUS does not support accounting for FTP, SFTP, and SCP users.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify the primary RADIUS accounting server.

primary accounting { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no primary RADIUS accounting server is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary RADIUS accounting server.

secondary accounting { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no secondary RADIUS accounting servers are specified.

Specifying the shared keys for secure RADIUS communication

About this task

The RADIUS client and server use the MD5 algorithm and shared keys to generate the Authenticator value for packet authentication and user password encryption. The client and server must use the same key for each type of communication.

A key configured in this task is for all servers of the same type (accounting or authentication) in the scheme. The key has a lower priority than a key configured individually for a RADIUS server.

Restrictions and guidelines

The shared key configured on the device must be the same as the shared key configured on the RADIUS server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify a shared key for secure RADIUS communication.

key { accounting | authentication } { cipher | simple } string

By default, no shared key is specified for secure RADIUS communication.

Specifying the MPLS L3VPN instance for a RADIUS scheme

About this task

The VPN instance specified for a RADIUS scheme applies to all authentication and accounting servers in that scheme. If a VPN instance is also configured for an individual RADIUS server, the VPN instance specified for the RADIUS scheme does not take effect on that server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify a VPN instance for the RADIUS scheme.

vpn-instance vpn-instance-name

By default, a RADIUS scheme belongs to the public network.

Setting the status of RADIUS servers

About this task

To control the RADIUS servers with which the device communicates when the current servers are no longer available, set the status of RADIUS servers to blocked or active. You can specify one primary RADIUS server and multiple secondary RADIUS servers. The secondary servers function as the backup of the primary server. The device chooses servers based on the following rules:

· When the primary server is in active state, the device first tries to communicate with the primary server. If the primary server is unreachable, the device searches for an active secondary server in the order the servers are configured.

· When one or more servers are in active state, the device tries to communicate with these active servers only, even if the servers are unavailable.

· When all servers are in blocked state, the device tries to communicate with a server as follows:

¡ If the primary server is placed in blocked state automatically, the device only tries to communicate with the primary server.

¡ If the primary server is placed in blocked state manually, the device tries to communicate with secondary servers automatically placed in blocked state in the sequence they are configured.

· If a server is unreachable, the device performs the following operations:

¡ Changes the server status to blocked.

¡ Starts a quiet timer for the server.

¡ Tries to communicate with the next secondary server in active state that has the highest priority.

· When the quiet timer of a server expires or you manually set the server to the active state, the status of the server changes back to active. The device does not check the server again during the authentication or accounting process.

· The search process continues until the device finds an available secondary server or has checked all secondary servers in active state. If no server is reachable, the device considers the authentication or accounting attempt a failure.

· When you remove a server in use, communication with the server times out. The device looks for a server in active state by first checking the primary server, and then checking secondary servers in the order they are configured.

· When a RADIUS server's status changes automatically, the device changes this server's status accordingly in all RADIUS schemes in which this server is specified.

· When a RADIUS server is manually set to blocked, server detection is disabled for the server, regardless of whether a test profile has been specified for the server. When the RADIUS server is set to active state, server detection is enabled for the server on which an existing test profile is specified.

By default, the device sets the status of all RADIUS servers to active. However, in some situations, you must change the status of a server. For example, if a server fails, you can change the status of the server to blocked to avoid communication attempts to the server.

Restrictions and guidelines

The configured server status cannot be saved to any configuration file, and can only be viewed by using the display radius scheme command.

After the device restarts, all servers are restored to the active state.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set the RADIUS server status. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Set the status of the primary RADIUS authentication server.

state primary authentication { active | block }

¡ Set the status of the primary RADIUS accounting server.

state primary accounting { active | block }

¡ Set the status of a secondary RADIUS authentication server.

state secondary authentication [ { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] * ] { active | block }

¡ Set the status of a secondary RADIUS accounting server.

state secondary accounting [ { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] * ] { active | block }

By default, a RADIUS server is in active state.

Setting RADIUS timers

About this task

The device uses the following types of timers to control communication with a RADIUS server:

· Server response timeout timer (response-timeout)—Defines the RADIUS request retransmission interval. The timer starts immediately after a RADIUS request is sent. If the device does not receive a response from the RADIUS server before the timer expires, it resends the request.

· Server quiet timer (quiet)—Defines the duration to keep an unreachable server in blocked state. If one server is not reachable, the device changes the server status to blocked, starts this timer for the server, and tries to communicate with another server in active state. After the server quiet timer expires, the device changes the status of the server back to active.

· Real-time accounting timer (realtime-accounting)—Defines the interval at which the device sends real-time accounting packets to the RADIUS accounting server for online users.

Restrictions and guidelines

Consider the number of secondary servers when you configure the maximum number of RADIUS packet transmission attempts and the RADIUS server response timeout timer. If the RADIUS scheme includes many secondary servers, the retransmission process might be too long and the client connection in the access module, such as Telnet, can time out.

When the client connections have a short timeout period, a large number of secondary servers can cause the initial authentication or accounting attempt to fail. In this case, reconnect the client rather than adjusting the RADIUS packet transmission attempts and server response timeout timer. Typically, the next attempt will succeed, because the device has blocked the unreachable servers to shorten the time to find a reachable server.

Make sure the server quiet timer is set correctly. A timer that is too short might result in frequent authentication or accounting failures. This is because the device will continue to attempt to communicate with an unreachable server that is in active state. A timer that is too long might temporarily block a reachable server that has recovered from a failure. This is because the server will remain in blocked state until the timer expires.

A short real-time accounting interval helps improve accounting precision but requires many system resources. When there are 1000 or more users, set the interval to 15 minutes or longer.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set RADIUS timers. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Set the RADIUS server response timeout timer.

timer response-timeout seconds

The default setting is 3 seconds.

¡ Set the quiet timer for the servers.

timer quiet minutes

The default setting is 5 minutes.

¡ Set the real-time accounting timer.

timer realtime-accounting interval [ second ]

The default setting is 12 minutes.

Specifying the source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets

About this task

The source IP address of RADIUS packets that a NAS sends must match the IP address of the NAS configured on the RADIUS server. A RADIUS server identifies a NAS by its IP address. Upon receiving a RADIUS packet, the RADIUS server checks the source IP address of the packet.

· If it is the IP address of a managed NAS, the server processes the packet.

· If it is not the IP address of a managed NAS, the server drops the packet.

Before sending a RADIUS packet, the NAS selects a source IP address in the following order:

1. The source IP address specified for the RADIUS scheme.

2. The source IP address specified in system view for the VPN or public network, depending on where the RADIUS server resides.

3. The IP address of the outbound interface specified by the route.

Restrictions and guidelines for source IP address configuration

You can specify a source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets in RADIUS scheme view or in system view.

· The IP address specified in RADIUS scheme view applies only to one RADIUS scheme.

· The IP address specified in system view applies to all RADIUS schemes.

The source IP address of RADIUS packets that a NAS sends must match the IP address of the NAS that is configured on the RADIUS server.

As a best practice, specify a loopback interface address as the source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets to avoid RADIUS packet loss caused by physical port errors.

The source address of outgoing RADIUS packets is typically the IP address of an egress interface on the NAS to communicate with the RADIUS server. However, in some situations, you must change the source IP address. For example, when VRRP is configured for stateful failover, configure the virtual IP of the uplink VRRP group as the source address.

Specifying a source IP address for all RADIUS schemes

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Specify a source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets.

radius nas-ip { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]

By default, the source IP address of an outgoing RADIUS packet is the primary IPv4 address or the IPv6 address of the outbound interface.

Specifying a source IP address for a RADIUS scheme

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify a source IP address for outgoing RADIUS packets.

nas-ip { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address }

By default, the source IP address of an outgoing RADIUS packet is that specified by using the radius nas-ip command in system view. If the radius nas-ip command is not used, the source IP address is the primary IP address of the outbound interface.

Setting the username format and traffic statistics units

About this task

A username is in the userid@isp-name format, where the isp-name part represents the user's ISP domain name. By default, the ISP domain name is included in a username. However, older RADIUS servers might not recognize usernames that contain the ISP domain names. In this case, you can configure the device to remove the domain name of each username to be sent.

The device reports online user traffic statistics in accounting packets. The traffic measurement units are configurable.

Restrictions and guidelines

If two or more ISP domains use the same RADIUS scheme, configure the RADIUS scheme to keep the ISP domain name in usernames for domain identification.

For accounting accuracy, make sure the traffic statistics units configured on the device and on the RADIUS accounting servers are the same.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set the format for usernames sent to the RADIUS servers.

user-name-format { keep-original | with-domain | without-domain }

By default, the ISP domain name is included in a username.

4. Set the data flow and packet measurement units for traffic statistics.

data-flow-format { data { byte | giga-byte | kilo-byte | mega-byte } | packet { giga-packet | kilo-packet | mega-packet | one-packet } }*

By default, traffic is counted in bytes and packets.

Setting the maximum number of RADIUS request transmission attempts

About this task

RADIUS uses UDP packets to transfer data. Because UDP communication is not reliable, RADIUS uses a retransmission mechanism to improve reliability. A RADIUS request is retransmitted if the NAS does not receive a server response for the request within the response timeout timer. For more information about the RADIUS server response timeout timer, see "Setting the status of RADIUS servers."

You can set the maximum number for the NAS to retransmit a RADIUS request to the same server. When the maximum number is reached, the NAS tries to communicate with other RADIUS servers in active state. If no other servers are in active state at the time, the NAS considers the authentication or accounting attempt a failure.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set the maximum number of RADIUS request transmission attempts.

retry retries

By default, the maximum number is 3 for RADIUS request transmission attempts.

Setting the maximum number of real-time accounting attempts

About this task

If you set the maximum number of real-time accounting attempts, the device will disconnect users from whom no accounting responses are received within the permitted attempts.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set the maximum number of real-time accounting attempts.

retry realtime-accounting retries

By default, the maximum number is 5 for real-time accounting attempts.

Setting the DSCP priority for RADIUS packets

About this task

The DSCP priority in the ToS field determines the transmission priority of RADIUS packets. A larger value represents a higher priority.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Set the DSCP priority for RADIUS packets.

radius [ ipv6 ] dscp dscp-value

By default, the DSCP priority is 0 for RADIUS packets.

Configuring the Login-Service attribute check method for SSH, FTP, and terminal users

About this task

The device supports the following check methods for the Login-Service attribute (RADIUS attribute 15) of SSH, FTP, and terminal users:

· Strict—Matches Login-Service attribute values 50, 51, and 52 for SSH, FTP, and terminal services, respectively.

· Loose—Matches the standard Login-Service attribute value 0 for SSH, FTP, and terminal services.

An Access-Accept packet received for a user must contain the matching attribute value. Otherwise, the user cannot log in to the device.

Restrictions and guidelines

Use the loose check method only when the server does not issue Login-Service attribute values 50, 51, and 52 for SSH, FTP, and terminal users.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Configure the Login-Service attribute check method for SSH, FTP, and terminal users.

attribute 15 check-mode { loose | strict }

The default check method is strict.

Enabling online user password change by using RADIUS attribute 17

About this task

This feature enables the device to cooperate with the RADIUS server to allow users to change their passwords online. With online user password change enabled, the device sends a RADIUS authentication request to the RADIUS server upon receiving a password change request from an online user. In the authentication request, the device carries the new user password in RADIUS attribute 2 and the old user password in RADIUS attribute 17. If the device receives a response from the RADIUS server, the online user's password is changed successfully.

Restrictions and guidelines

This feature is applicable only to SSL VPN users.

Do not enable this feature if the RADIUS server does not support online user password change.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Enable online user password change by using RADIUS attribute 17.

attribute 17 old-password

By default, online user password change is disabled.

Interpreting the RADIUS class attribute as CAR parameters

About this task

A RADIUS server may deliver CAR parameters for user-based traffic monitoring and control by using the RADIUS class attribute (attribute 25) in RADIUS packets. You can configure the device to interpret the class attribute to CAR parameters.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Interpret the RADIUS class attribute as CAR parameters.

attribute 25 car

By default, the RADIUS class attribute is not interpreted as CAR parameters.

Configuring the MAC address format for RADIUS attribute 31

Restrictions and guidelines

RADIUS servers of different types might have different requirements for the MAC address format in RADIUS attribute 31. Configure the MAC address format for RADIUS attribute 31 to meet the requirements of the RADIUS servers.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Configure the MAC address format for RADIUS attribute 31.

attribute 31 mac-format section { six | three } separator separator-character { lowercase | uppercase }

By default, a MAC address is in the format of HH-HH-HH-HH-HH-HH. The MAC address is separated by hyphen (-) into six sections with letters in upper case.

Specifying a server version for interoperating with servers with a vendor ID of 2011

About this task

For the device to correctly interpret RADIUS attributes from the servers with a vendor ID of 2011, specify a server version that is the same as the version of the RADIUS servers.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Specify a server version for interoperating with servers with a vendor ID of 2011.

attribute vendor-id 2011 version { 1.0 | 1.1 }

By default, version 1.0 is used.

Setting the data measurement unit for the Remanent_Volume attribute

About this task

The RADIUS server uses the Remanent_Volume attribute in authentication or real-time accounting responses to notify the device of the current amount of data available for online users.

Restrictions and guidelines

Make sure the configured measurement unit is the same as the user data measurement unit on the RADIUS server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Set the data measurement unit for the Remanent_Volume attribute.

attribute remanent-volume unit { byte | giga-byte | kilo-byte | mega-byte }

By default, the data measurement unit is kilobyte.

Specifying the format for attribute Acct-Session-Id

About this task

RADIUS servers of different types might have different requirements for the format of attribute Acct-Session-Id. The following types are available:

· Common format—In this format, the Acct-Session-Id attribute is a string with a minimum length of 38 characters. This string contains the prefix (indicating the access type), date and time, sequence number, LIP address of the access node, device ID, and job ID of the access process.

· Simplified format—In this format, the Acct-Session-Id attribute is a string of 16 characters. This string contains the prefix (indicating the access type), month, sequence number, device ID, and LIP address of the access node.

Specify a format for attribute Acct-Session-Id to meet the requirements of the RADIUS servers.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Specify the format for attribute Acct-Session-Id.

aaa session-id mode { common | simplified }

By default, the device uses the common format for attribute Acct-Session-Id.

Configuring the RADIUS attribute translation feature

About this task

The RADIUS attribute translation feature enables the device to work correctly with the RADIUS servers of different vendors that support RADIUS attributes incompatible with the device.

RADIUS attribute translation has the following implementations:

· Attribute conversion—Converts source RADIUS attributes into destination RADIUS attributes based on RADIUS attribute conversion rules.

· Attribute rejection—Rejects RADIUS attributes based on RADIUS attribute rejection rules.

When the RADIUS attribute translation feature is enabled, the device processes RADIUS packets as follows:

· For the sent RADIUS packets:

¡ Deletes the rejected attributes from the packets.

¡ Uses the destination RADIUS attributes to replace the attributes that match RADIUS attribute conversion rules in the packets.

· For the received RADIUS packets:

¡ Ignores the rejected attributes in the packets.

¡ Interprets the attributes that match RADIUS attribute conversion rules as the destination RADIUS attributes.

To identify proprietary RADIUS attributes, you can define the attributes as extended RADIUS attributes, and then convert the extended RADIUS attributes to device-supported attributes.

Restrictions and guidelines for RADIUS attribute translation configuration

Configure either conversion rules or rejection rules for a RADIUS attribute.

Configure either direction-based rules or packet type-based rules for a RADIUS attribute.

For direction-based translation of a RADIUS attribute, you can configure a rule for each direction (inbound or outbound). For packet type-based translation of a RADIUS attribute, you can configure a rule for each RADIUS packet type (RADIUS Access-Accept, RADIUS Access-Request, or RADIUS accounting).

Configuring the RADIUS attribute translation feature for a RADIUS scheme

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. (Optional.) Define an extended RADIUS attribute.

radius attribute extended attribute-name [ vendor vendor-id ] code attribute-code type { binary | date | integer | interface-id | ip | ipv6 | ipv6-prefix | octets | string }

3. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

4. Enable the RADIUS attribute translation feature.

attribute translate

By default, this feature is disabled.

5. Configure a RADIUS attribute conversion rule or a RADIUS attribute reject rule. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Configure a RADIUS attribute conversion rule.

attribute convert src-attr-name to dest-attr-name { { access-accept | access-request | accounting } * | { received | sent } * }

By default, no RADIUS attribute conversion rules are configured.

¡ Configure a RADIUS attribute rejection rule.

attribute reject attr-name { { access-accept | access-request | accounting } * | { received | sent } * }

By default, no RADIUS attribute rejection rules are configured.

Configuring the RADIUS attribute translation feature for a RADIUS DAS

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. (Optional.) Define an extended RADIUS attribute.

radius attribute extended attribute-name [ vendor vendor-id ] code attribute-code type { binary | date | integer | interface-id | ip | ipv6 | ipv6-prefix | octets | string }

3. Enter RADIUS DAS view.

radius dynamic-author server

4. Enable the RADIUS attribute translation feature.

attribute translate

By default, this feature is disabled.

5. Configure a RADIUS attribute conversion rule or a RADIUS attribute rejection rule. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Configure a RADIUS attribute conversion rule.

attribute convert src-attr-name to dest-attr-name { { coa-ack | coa-request } * | { received | sent } * }

By default, no RADIUS attribute conversion rules are configured.

¡ Configure a RADIUS attribute rejection rule.

attribute reject attr-name { { coa-ack | coa-request } * | { received | sent } * }

By default, no RADIUS attribute rejection rules are configured.

Configuring the RADIUS accounting-on feature

About this task

When the accounting-on feature is enabled, the device automatically sends an accounting-on packet to the RADIUS server after the entire device reboots. Upon receiving the accounting-on packet, the RADIUS server logs out all online users so they can log in again through the device. Without this feature, users cannot log in again after the reboot, because the RADIUS server considers them to come online.

You can configure the interval for which the device waits to resend the accounting-on packet and the maximum number of retries.

The extended accounting-on feature enhances the accounting-on feature in a distributed architecture.

The extended accounting-on feature is applicable to PPP (L2TP LAC-side), IPoE, and LAN users. The user data is saved to the cards through which the users access the device. When the extended accounting-on feature is enabled, the device automatically sends an accounting-on packet to the RADIUS server after a card reboots. The packet contains the card identifier. Upon receiving the accounting-on packet, the RADIUS server logs out all online users that access the device through the card. If no users have come online through the card, the device does not send an accounting-on packet to the RADIUS server after the card reboots.

Restrictions and guidelines

For the extended accounting-on feature to take effect, the RADIUS server must run on IMC and the accounting-on feature must be enabled.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter RADIUS scheme view.

radius scheme radius-scheme-name

3. Enable accounting-on.

accounting-on enable [ interval interval | send send-times ] *

By default, the accounting-on feature is disabled.

4. (Optional.) Enable extended accounting-on.

accounting-on extended

By default, extended accounting-on is disabled.

Configuring the RADIUS session-control feature

About this task

Enable this feature for the RADIUS server to dynamically change the user authorization information or forcibly disconnect users by using session-control packets. This task enables the device to receive RADIUS session-control packets on UDP port 1812.

To verify the session-control packets sent from a RADIUS server, specify the RADIUS server as a session-control client to the device.

Restrictions and guidelines

The RADIUS session-control feature can only work with RADIUS servers running on IMC. The session-control client configuration takes effect only when the session-control feature is enabled.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enable the session-control feature.

radius session-control enable

By default, the session-control feature is disabled.

3. Specify a session-control client.

radius session-control client { ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ key { cipher | simple } string | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no session-control clients are specified.

Configuring the RADIUS DAS feature

About this task

Dynamic Authorization Extensions (DAE) to RADIUS, defined in RFC 5176, can log off online users and change online user authorization information.

In a RADIUS network, the RADIUS server typically acts as the DAE client (DAC) and the NAS acts as the DAE server (DAS).

DAE defines the following types of packets:

· Disconnect Messages (DMs)—The DAC sends DM requests to the DAS to log off specific online users.

· Change of Authorization Messages (CoA Messages)—The DAC sends CoA requests to the DAS to change the authorization information of specific online users.

When the RADIUS DAS feature is enabled, the NAS performs the following operations:

1. Listens to the default or specified UDP port to receive DAE requests.

2. Logs off online users that match the criteria in the requests and changes their authorization information.

3. Sends DAE responses to the DAC.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enable the RADIUS DAS feature and enter RADIUS DAS view.

radius dynamic-author server

By default, the RADIUS DAS feature is disabled.

3. Specify a RADIUS DAC.

client { ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ key { cipher | simple } string | vendor-id 2011 version { 1.0 | 1.1 } | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no RADIUS DACs are specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify the RADIUS DAS port.

port port-number

By default, the RADIUS DAS port is 3799.

Enabling SNMP notifications for RADIUS

About this task

When SNMP notifications are enabled for RADIUS, the SNMP agent supports the following notifications generated by RADIUS:

· RADIUS server unreachable notification—The RADIUS server cannot be reached. RADIUS generates this notification if it does not receive a response to an accounting or authentication request within the specified number of RADIUS request transmission attempts.

· RADIUS server reachable notification—The RADIUS server can be reached. RADIUS generates this notification for a previously blocked RADIUS server after the quiet timer expires.

· Excessive authentication failures notification—The number of authentication failures compared to the total number of authentication attempts exceeds the specified threshold.

For RADIUS SNMP notifications to be sent correctly, you must also configure SNMP on the device. For more information about SNMP configuration, see Network Management and Monitoring Configuration Guide.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enable SNMP notifications for RADIUS.

snmp-agent trap enable radius [ accounting-server-down | accounting-server-up | authentication-error-threshold | authentication-server-down | authentication-server-up ] *

By default, all SNMP notifications are disabled for RADIUS.

Display and maintenance commands for RADIUS

Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.

Task	Command
Display the RADIUS scheme configuration.	display radius scheme [ radius-scheme-name ]
Display RADIUS packet statistics.	display radius statistics
Clear RADIUS statistics.	reset radius statistics

Configuring HWTACACS

HWTACACS tasks at a glance

To configure HWTACACS, perform the following tasks:

1. Creating an HWTACACS scheme

2. Specifying the HWTACACS authentication servers

3. Specifying the HWTACACS authorization servers

4. Specifying the HWTACACS accounting servers

5. Specifying the shared keys for secure HWTACACS communication

Perform this task if no shared keys are specified when configuring HWTACACS servers.

6. Specifying an MPLS L3VPN instance for the scheme

Perform this task if no MPLS L3VPN instances are specified when configuring HWTACACS servers.

7. (Optional.) Setting HWTACACS timers

8. (Optional.) Configuring parameters for HWTACACS packets

¡ Specifying the source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets

¡ Setting the username format and traffic statistics units

9. (Optional.) Specifying the action to take for AAA requests if all HWTACACS servers are blocked

Creating an HWTACACS scheme

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure a maximum of 16 HWTACACS schemes. An HWTACACS scheme can be used by multiple ISP domains.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create an HWTACACS scheme and enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

Specifying the HWTACACS authentication servers

About this task

You can specify one primary authentication server and a maximum of 16 secondary authentication servers for an HWTACACS scheme. When the primary server is unreachable, the device searches for the secondary servers in the order they are configured. The first secondary server in active state is used for communication.

Restrictions and guidelines

If redundancy is not required, specify only the primary server.

An HWTACACS server can function as the primary authentication server in one scheme and as the secondary authentication server in another scheme at the same time.

Two HWTACACS authentication servers in a scheme, primary or secondary, cannot have the same combination of IP address, VPN instance, and port number.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify the primary HWTACACS authentication server.

primary authentication { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no primary HWTACACS authentication server is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary HWTACACS authentication server.

secondary authentication { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no secondary HWTACACS authentication servers are specified.

Specifying the HWTACACS authorization servers

About this task

You can specify one primary authorization server and a maximum of 16 secondary authorization servers for an HWTACACS scheme. When the primary server is not available, the device searches for the secondary servers in the order they are configured. The first secondary server in active state is used for communication.

Restrictions and guidelines

If redundancy is not required, specify only the primary server.

An HWTACACS server can function as the primary authorization server of one scheme and as the secondary authorization server of another scheme at the same time.

Two HWTACACS authorization servers in a scheme, primary or secondary, cannot have the same combination of IP address, VPN instance, and port number.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify the primary HWTACACS authorization server.

primary authorization { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no primary HWTACACS authorization server is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary HWTACACS authorization server.

secondary authorization { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no secondary HWTACACS authorization servers are specified.

Specifying the HWTACACS accounting servers

About this task

You can specify one primary accounting server and a maximum of 16 secondary accounting servers for an HWTACACS scheme. When the primary server is not available, the device searches for the secondary servers in the order they are configured. The first secondary server in active state is used for communication.

Restrictions and guidelines

If redundancy is not required, specify only the primary server.

An HWTACACS server can function as the primary accounting server of one scheme and as the secondary accounting server of another scheme at the same time.

Two HWTACACS accounting servers in a scheme, primary or secondary, cannot have the same combination of IP address, VPN instance, and port number.

HWTACACS does not support accounting for FTP, SFTP, and SCP users.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify the primary HWTACACS accounting server.

primary accounting { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no primary HWTACACS accounting server is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary HWTACACS accounting server.

secondary accounting { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port-number | key { cipher | simple } string | single-connection | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] *

By default, no secondary HWTACACS accounting servers are specified.

Specifying the shared keys for secure HWTACACS communication

About this task

The HWTACACS client and server use the MD5 algorithm and shared keys to generate the Authenticator value for packet authentication and user password encryption. The client and server must use the same key for each type of communication.

Perform this task to configure shared keys for servers in an HWTACACS scheme. The keys take effect on all servers for which a shared key is not individually configured.

Restrictions and guidelines

Make sure the shared key configured on the device is the same as the shared key configured on the HWTACACS server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify a shared key for secure HWTACACS authentication, authorization, or accounting communication.

key { accounting | authentication | authorization } { cipher | simple } string

By default, no shared key is specified for secure HWTACACS communication.

Specifying an MPLS L3VPN instance for the scheme

About this task

The VPN instance specified for an HWTACACS scheme applies to all servers in that scheme. If a VPN instance is also configured for an individual HWTACACS server, the VPN instance specified for the HWTACACS scheme does not take effect on that server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify a VPN instance for the HWTACACS scheme.

vpn-instance vpn-instance-name

By default, an HWTACACS scheme belongs to the public network.

Setting HWTACACS timers

About this task

The device uses the following timers to control communication with an HWTACACS server:

· Server response timeout timer (response-timeout)—Defines the HWTACACS server response timeout timer. The device starts this timer immediately after an HWTACACS authentication, authorization, or accounting request is sent. If the device does not receive a response from the server within the timer, it sets the server to blocked. Then, the device sends the request to another HWTACACS server.

· Real-time accounting timer (realtime-accounting)—Defines the interval at which the device sends real-time accounting packets to the HWTACACS accounting server for online users.

· Server quiet timer (quiet)—Defines the duration to keep an unreachable server in blocked state. If a server is not reachable, the device changes the server status to blocked, starts this timer for the server, and tries to communicate with another server in active state. After the server quiet timer expires, the device changes the status of the server back to active.

The server quiet timer setting affects the status of HWTACACS servers. If the scheme includes one primary HWTACACS server and multiple secondary HWTACACS servers, the device communicates with the HWTACACS servers based on the following rules:

· When the primary server is in active state, the device communicates with the primary server. When the primary server is unreachable, the device researches a secondary server in active status in the order they are configured.

· When one or more servers are in active state, the device tries to communicate with these servers only, even if they are unreachable.

· When all servers are in blocked state, the device only tries to communicate with the primary server.

· If the primary server is unreachable, the device changes the server status to blocked and starts a quiet timer for the server. When the quiet timer of the server expires, the status of the server changes back to active. The device does not check the server again during the authentication, authorization, or accounting process.

· The search process continues until the device finds an available secondary server or has checked all secondary servers in active state. If no server is available, the device considers the authentication, authorization, or accounting attempt a failure.

· When an HWTACACS server's status changes automatically, the device changes this server's status accordingly in all HWTACACS schemes in which this server is specified.

Restrictions and guidelines

A short real-time accounting interval helps improve accounting precision but requires many system resources. When there are 1000 or more users, set a real-time accounting interval longer than 15 minutes.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Set the HWTACACS timers. Choose the following tasks as needed:

¡ Set the HWTACACS server response timeout timer.

timer response-timeout seconds

By default, the HWTACACS server response timeout timer is 5 seconds.

¡ Set the real-time accounting interval.

timer realtime-accounting minutes

By default, the real-time accounting interval is 12 minutes.

¡ Set the server quiet timer.

timer quiet minutes

By default, the server quiet timer is 5 minutes.

Specifying the source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets

About this task

The source IP address of HWTACACS packets that a NAS sends must match the IP address of the NAS configured on the HWTACACS server. An HWTACACS server identifies a NAS by IP address. When the HWTACACS server receives a packet, it checks the source IP address of the packet.

· If it is the IP address of a managed NAS, the server processes the packet.

· If it is not the IP address of a managed NAS, the server drops the packet.

Before sending an HWTACACS packet, the NAS selects a source IP address in the following order:

1. The source IP address specified for the HWTACACS scheme.

2. The source IP address specified in system view for the VPN or public network, depending on where the HWTACACS server resides.

3. The IP address of the outbound interface specified by the route.

Restrictions and guidelines for source IP address configuration

You can specify the source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets in HWTACACS scheme view or in system view.

· The IP address specified in HWTACACS scheme view applies to one HWTACACS scheme.

· The IP address specified in system view applies to all HWTACACS schemes.

The source IP address of HWTACACS packets that a NAS sends must match the IP address of the NAS that is configured on the HWTACACS server.

As a best practice, specify a loopback interface address as the source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets to avoid HWTACACS packet loss caused by physical port errors.

To communicate with the HWTACACS server, the source address of outgoing HWTACACS packets is typically the IP address of an egress interface on the NAS. However, in some situations, you must change the source IP address. For example, when VRRP is configured for stateful failover, configure the virtual IP of the uplink VRRP group as the source address.

Specifying a source IP address for all HWTACACS schemes

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Specify a source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets.

hwtacacs nas-ip { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]

By default, the source IP address of an HWTACACS packet sent to the server is the primary IPv4 address or the IPv6 address of the outbound interface.

Specifying a source IP address for an HWTACACS scheme

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify a source IP address for outgoing HWTACACS packets.

nas-ip { ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address }

By default, the source IP address of an outgoing HWTACACS packet is that configured by using the hwtacacs nas-ip command in system view. If the hwtacacs nas-ip command is not used, the source IP address is the primary IP address of the outbound interface.

Setting the username format and traffic statistics units

About this task

A username is typically in the userid@isp-name format, where the isp-name part represents the user's ISP domain name. By default, the ISP domain name is included in a username. If HWTACACS servers do not recognize usernames that contain ISP domain names, you can configure the device to send usernames without domain names to the servers.

The device reports online user traffic statistics in accounting packets.

Restrictions and guidelines

If two or more ISP domains use the same HWTACACS scheme, configure the HWTACACS scheme to keep the ISP domain name in usernames for domain identification.

For accounting accuracy, make sure the traffic measurement units configured on the device are the same as the traffic measurement units configured on the HWTACACS accounting servers.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Set the format of usernames sent to the HWTACACS servers.

user-name-format { keep-original | with-domain | without-domain }

By default, the ISP domain name is included in a username.

4. Set the data flow and packet measurement units for traffic statistics.

data-flow-format { data { byte | giga-byte | kilo-byte | mega-byte } | packet { giga-packet | kilo-packet | mega-packet | one-packet } }*

By default, traffic is counted in bytes and packets.

Specifying the action to take for AAA requests if all HWTACACS servers are blocked

About this task

If all servers in an HWTACACS scheme are blocked, the device takes one of the following actions upon receiving AAA requests in the domain that uses the scheme:

· attempt—Attempts to connect to the server that has the highest priority in the scheme. (Typically, the highest-priority server is the primary server. If no primary server is specified, it is the firstly configured secondary server.) If the device fails to connect to the server, it turns to the backup method.

· skip—Skips all servers in the scheme and turns to the backup method.

The attempt action gives the device a chance to use the scheme in case the server with the highest priority in the scheme might be available. However, the attempt to communicate with an unavailable server increases the response time for AAA requests. As a best practice, specify the skip action in scenarios that require quick responses to AAA requests.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter HWTACACS scheme view.

hwtacacs scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

3. Specify the action to take for AAA requests if all servers in the scheme are blocked.

server-block-action { attempt | skip }

By default, the attempt action applies.

Display and maintenance commands for HWTACACS

Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.

Task	Command
Display the configuration or server statistics of HWTACACS schemes.	display hwtacacs scheme [ hwtacacs-scheme-name [ statistics ] ]
Clear HWTACACS statistics.	reset hwtacacs statistics { accounting \| all \| authentication \| authorization }

Configuring LDAP

LDAP tasks at a glance

To configure LDAP, perform the following tasks:

1. Configuring an LDAP server

a. Creating an LDAP server

b. Configuring the IP address of the LDAP server

c. (Optional.) Specifying the LDAP version

d. (Optional.) Setting the LDAP server timeout period

e. Configuring administrator attributes

f. Configuring LDAP user attributes

g. (Optional.) Configuring a user group filter

2. Configuring an LDAP attribute map

3. Creating an LDAP scheme

4. Specifying the LDAP authentication server

5. (Optional.) Specifying the LDAP authorization server

6. (Optional.) Specifying an LDAP attribute map for LDAP authorization

Creating an LDAP server

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create an LDAP server and enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

Configuring the IP address of the LDAP server

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address for an LDAP server. If you configure the IP address for an LDAP server multiple times, the most recent configuration takes effect.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Configure the IP address of the LDAP server.

{ ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } [ port port-number ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]

By default, an LDAP server does not have an IP address.

Specifying the LDAP version

Restrictions and guidelines

The device supports LDAPv2 and LDAPv3.

A Microsoft LDAP server supports only LDAPv3.

The LDAP version specified on the device must be consistent with the version specified on the LDAP server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Specify the LDAP version.

protocol-version { v2 | v3 }

By default, LDAPv3 is used.

Setting the LDAP server timeout period

About this task

If the device sends a bind or search request to an LDAP server without receiving the server's response within the server timeout period, the authentication or authorization request times out. Then, the device tries the backup authentication or authorization method. If no backup method is configured in the ISP domain, the device considers the authentication or authorization attempt a failure.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Set the LDAP server timeout period.

server-timeout time-interval

By default, the LDAP server timeout period is 10 seconds.

Configuring administrator attributes

About this task

To configure the administrator DN and password for binding with the LDAP server during LDAP authentication:

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Specify the administrator DN.

By default, no administrator DN is specified.

The administrator DN specified on the device must be the same as the administrator DN configured on the LDAP server.

4. Configure the administrator password.

By default, no administrator password is specified.

Configuring LDAP user attributes

About this task

To authenticate a user, an LDAP client must complete the following operations:

1. Establish a connection to the LDAP server.

2. Obtain the user DN from the LDAP server.

3. Use the user DN and the user's password to bind with the LDAP server.

LDAP provides a DN search mechanism for obtaining the user DN. According to the mechanism, an LDAP client sends search requests to the server based on the search policy determined by the LDAP user attributes of the LDAP client.

The LDAP user attributes include:

· Search base DN.

· Search scope.

· Username attribute.

· Username format.

· User object class.

Restrictions and guidelines

If the LDAP server contains many directory levels, a user DN search starting from the root directory can take a long time. To improve efficiency, you can change the start point by specifying the search base DN.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Specify the user search base DN.

search-base-dn base-dn

By default, no user search base DN is specified.

4. (Optional.) Specify the user search scope.

search-scope { all-level | single-level }

By default, the user search scope is all-level.

5. (Optional.) Specify the username attribute.

user-parameters user-name-attribute { name-attribute | cn | uid }

By default, the username attribute is cn.

6. (Optional.) Specify the username format.

user-parameters user-name-format { with-domain | without-domain }

By default, the username format is without-domain.

7. (Optional.) Specify the user object class.

user-parameters user-object-class object-class-name

By default, no user object class is specified, and the default user object class on the LDAP server is used. The default user object class for this command varies by server model.

Configuring a user group filter

About this task

When the device requests to import user group information from an LDAP server, the LDAP server sends only user groups that match the user group filter to the device.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP server view.

ldap server server-name

3. Configure the user group filter.

group-filter group-filter

By default, the user group filter is (objectclass=group).

Configuring an LDAP attribute map

About this task

Configure an LDAP attribute map to define a list of LDAP-AAA attribute mapping entries. To apply the LDAP attribute map, specify the name of the LDAP attribute map in the LDAP scheme used for authorization.

The LDAP attribute map feature enables the device to convert LDAP attributes obtained from an LDAP authorization server to device-recognizable AAA attributes based on the mapping entries. Because the device ignores unrecognized LDAP attributes, configure the mapping entries to include important LDAP attributes that should not be ignored.

An LDAP attribute can be mapped only to one AAA attribute. Different LDAP attributes can be mapped to the same AAA attribute.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create an LDAP attribute map and enter LDAP attribute map view.

ldap attribute-map map-name

3. Configure a mapping entry.

map ldap-attribute ldap-attribute-name [ prefix prefix-value delimiter delimiter-value ] aaa-attribute user-group

Creating an LDAP scheme

Restrictions and guidelines

You can configure a maximum of 16 LDAP schemes. An LDAP scheme can be used by multiple ISP domains.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create an LDAP scheme and enter LDAP scheme view.

ldap scheme ldap-scheme-name

Specifying the LDAP authentication server

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP scheme view.

ldap scheme ldap-scheme-name

3. Specify the LDAP authentication server.

authentication-server server-name

By default, no LDAP authentication server is specified.

Specifying the LDAP authorization server

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP scheme view.

ldap scheme ldap-scheme-name

3. Specify the LDAP authorization server.

authorization-server server-name

By default, no LDAP authorization server is specified.

Specifying an LDAP attribute map for LDAP authorization

About this task

Specify an LDAP attribute map for LDAP authorization to convert LDAP attributes obtained from the LDAP authorization server to device-recognizable AAA attributes.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can specify only one LDAP attribute map in an LDAP scheme.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter LDAP scheme view.

ldap scheme ldap-scheme-name

3. Specify an LDAP attribute map.

attribute-map map-name

By default, no LDAP attribute map is specified.

Display and maintenance commands for LDAP

Execute display commands in any view.

Task	Command
Display the configuration of LDAP schemes.	display ldap scheme [ ldap-scheme-name ]

Creating an ISP domain

About ISP domains

In a networking scenario with multiple ISPs, the device can connect to users of different ISPs. These users can have different user attributes, such as different username and password structures, different service types, and different rights. To manage users of different ISPs, configure authentication, authorization, and accounting methods and domain attributes for each ISP domain as needed.

The device supports a maximum of 1024 ISP domains, including the system-defined ISP domain system. You can specify one of the ISP domains as the default domain.

On the device, each user belongs to an ISP domain. If a user does not provide an ISP domain name at login, the device considers the user belongs to the default ISP domain.

Each ISP domain has a set of system-defined AAA methods, which are local authentication, local authorization, and local accounting. If you do not configure any AAA methods for an ISP domain, the device uses the system-defined AAA methods for users in the domain.

The device chooses an authentication domain for each user in the following order:

1. The authentication domain specified for the access module.

2. The ISP domain in the username.

3. The default ISP domain of the device.

If the chosen domain does not exist on the device, the device searches for the ISP domain that accommodates users assigned to nonexistent domains. (Support for the authentication domain configuration depends on the access module.) If no such ISP domain is configured, user authentication fails.

Restrictions and guidelines for ISP domain configuration

An ISP domain cannot be deleted when it is the default ISP domain. Before you use the undo domain command, change the domain to a non-default ISP domain by using the undo domain default enable command.

You can modify the settings of the system-defined ISP domain system, but you cannot delete the domain.

To avoid RADIUS authentication, authorization, or accounting failures, use short domain names to ensure that usernames containing a domain name do not exceed 253 characters.

Creating an ISP domain

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create an ISP domain and enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

By default, a system-defined ISP domain exists. The domain name is system.

Specifying the default ISP domain

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Specify the default ISP domain.

domain default enable isp-name

By default, the default ISP domain is the system-defined ISP domain system.

Specifying an ISP domain for users that are assigned to nonexistent domains

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Specify the ISP domain to accommodate users that are assigned to nonexistent domains.

domain if-unknown isp-name

By default, no ISP domain is specified to accommodate users that are assigned to nonexistent domains.

Configuring ISP domain attributes

Setting ISP domain status

About this task

By placing the ISP domain in active or blocked state, you allow or deny network service requests from users in the domain.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Set the status of the ISP domain.

state { active | block }

By default, an ISP domain is in active state, and users in the domain can request network services.

Configuring authorization attributes for an ISP domain

About this task

The device supports the following authorization attributes:

· ACL—The device restricts authenticated users to access only the network resources permitted by the ACL.

· CAR action—The attribute controls the traffic flow of authenticated users.

· Idle cut—The device logs out a user if the user's total traffic in the idle timeout period at the specified direction is less than the specified minimum traffic.

· Maximum number of multicast groups—The attribute restricts the maximum number of multicast groups that an authenticated user can join concurrently.

· IPv4 address pool—The device assigns IPv4 addresses from the pool to authenticated users in the domain.

· IPv6 address pool—The device assigns IPv6 addresses from the pool to authenticated users in the domain.

· IPv6 address prefix—The device authorizes the IPv6 address prefix to authenticated users in the domain.

· DNS server address—The attribute specifies the DNS server that offers DNS services to authenticated users in the domain.

· Session timeout time—The device logs off a user when the user's session timeout timer expires.

· Redirect URL—The device redirects users in the domain to the URL after they pass authentication.

· User group—Authenticated users in the domain obtain all attributes of the user group.

· VPN instance—The device allows authenticated users in the domain to access network resources in the authorization VPN.

The device assigns the authorization attributes (excluding the idle cut attribute) in the ISP domain to the authenticated users that do not receive these attributes from the server.

If the idle cut attribute is configured in an ISP domain, the device assigns the attribute to the authenticated users in the domain. If no idle cut attribute is configured in the ISP domain, the device uses the idle cut attribute assigned by the server.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Configure authorization attributes for authenticated users in the ISP domain.

authorization-attribute { acl acl-number | car inbound cir committed-information-rate [ pir peak-information-rate ] outbound cir committed-information-rate [ pir peak-information-rate ] | idle-cut minutes [ flow ] | igmp max-access-number max-access-number | ip-pool ipv4-pool-name | ipv6-pool ipv6-pool-name | ipv6-prefix ipv6-prefix prefix-length | { primary-dns | secondary-dns } { ip ipv4-address | ipv6 ipv6-address } | session-group-profile session-group-profile-name | session-timeout minutes | url url-string | user-group user-group-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name }

The default settings are as follows:

¡ The idle cut feature is disabled.

¡ An IPv4 user can concurrently join a maximum of four IGMP multicast groups.

¡ An IPv6 user can concurrently join a maximum of four MLD multicast groups.

¡ No other authorization attributes exist.

Including the idle timeout period in the user online duration to be sent to the server

About this task

If a user goes offline due to connection failure or malfunction, the user's online duration sent to the server includes the idle timeout period assigned by the authorization server. The online duration generated on the server is longer than the actual online duration of the user.

For portal users, the device includes the idle timeout period set for the online portal user detection feature in the user online duration. For more information about online detection for portal users, see "Configuring portal authentication."

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Configure the device to include the idle timeout period in the user online duration to be sent to the server.

session-time include-idle-time

By default, the user online duration sent to the server does not include the idle timeout period.

Specifying the user address type in an ISP domain

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Specify the user address type in the ISP domain.

user-address-type { ds-lite | ipv6 | nat64 | private-ds | private-ipv4 | public-ds | public-ipv4 }

By default, no user address type is specified.

Specifying the service type for users in an ISP domain

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Specify the service type for users in the ISP domain.

service-type { hsi | stb | voip }

By default, the service type is hsi.

Specifying the types of IP addresses that L2TP users must rely on to use the basic services

About this task

An L2TP user might request multiple services of different IP address types. By default, the device logs off the user if the user does not obtain an IP address. This feature enables the device to allow the user to come online if the user has obtained IP addresses of all the specified types for the basic services.

Restrictions and guidelines

This feature takes effect only when the device acts as an L2TP LNS and only on L2TP users.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Specify the types of IP addresses that L2TP users must rely on to use the basic services.

basic-service-ip-type { ipv4 | ipv6 | ipv6-pd } *

By default, L2TP users do not rely on any types of IP addresses to use the basic services.

Setting the IPv6 address wait timer for L2TP users

About this task

The IPv6 address wait timer defines the maximum amount of time that a user can wait before the device determines that the user fails to obtain an IPv6 address or PD prefix.

The device starts an IPv6 address wait timer for an L2TP user after it finishes IPv6CP negotiation with the user. If the user's basic service relies on an IPv6 address or PD prefix but it fails to obtain any IPv6 address or PD prefix when the timer expires, the user cannot come online.

Restrictions and guidelines

This feature takes effect only when the device acts as an L2TP LNS and only on L2TP users.

As a best practice, increase the IPv6 address wait timer in the following situations:

· The network communication is unstable.

· The device uses DHCPv6 to assign IPv6 addresses to users.

· The ISP domain serves a large number of users.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Set the IPv6 address wait timer for L2TP users.

dhcpv6-follow-ipv6cp timeout delay-time

By default, the IPv6 address wait timer for L2TP users is 60 seconds.

Configuring AAA methods for an ISP domain

Configuring authentication methods for an ISP domain

Restrictions and guidelines

When you configure remote authentication, follow these restrictions and guidelines:

· If the authentication method uses a RADIUS scheme and the authorization method does not use a RADIUS scheme, AAA accepts only the authentication result from the RADIUS server. The Access-Accept message from the RADIUS server also includes the authorization information, but the device ignores the information.

· If an HWTACACS scheme is specified, the device uses the entered username for role authentication. If a RADIUS scheme is specified, the device uses username $enabn$ on the RADIUS server for role authentication. The variable n represents a user role level. For more information about user role authentication, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

When the primary authentication method is local, the following rules apply to the authentication of a user:

· The device uses the backup authentication methods in sequence only if local authentication is invalid for one of the following reasons:

¡ An exception occurs in the local authentication process.

¡ The user account is not configured on the device or the user is not allowed to use the access service.

· The device does not turn to the backup authentication methods if local authentication is invalid because of any other reason. Authentication fails for the user.

Prerequisites

Before configuring authentication methods, complete the following tasks:

1. Determine the access type or service type to be configured. With AAA, you can configure an authentication method for each access type and service type.

2. Determine whether to configure the default authentication method for all access types or service types. The default authentication method applies to all access users. However, the method has a lower priority than the authentication method that is specified for an access type or service type.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. (Optional.) Specify default authentication methods for all types of users.

authentication default { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication method is local.

4. Specify authentication methods for a user type or a service.

¡ Specify authentication methods for ADVPN users.

authentication advpn { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for ADVPN users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for IPoE users.

authentication ipoe { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for IPoE users.

¡ Specify extended authentication methods for IKE users.

authentication ike { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for IKE extended authentication.

¡ Specify authentication methods for LAN users.

authentication lan-access { ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for LAN users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for login users.

authentication login { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | local [ ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for login users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for portal users.

authentication portal { ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for portal users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for PPP users.

authentication ppp { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for PPP users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for SSL VPN users.

authentication sslvpn { ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authentication methods are used for SSL VPN users.

¡ Specify authentication methods for obtaining a temporary user role.

authentication super { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name } *

By default, the default authentication methods are used for obtaining a temporary user role.

Configuring authorization methods for an ISP domain

Restrictions and guidelines

The device does not support LDAP authorization in the current software version.

To use a RADIUS scheme as the authorization method, specify the name of the RADIUS scheme that is configured as the authentication method for the ISP domain. If an invalid RADIUS scheme is specified as the authorization method, RADIUS authentication and authorization fail.

When the primary authorization method is local, the following rules apply to the authorization of a user:

· The device uses the backup authorization methods in sequence only if local authorization is invalid for one of the following reasons:

¡ An exception occurs in the local authorization process.

¡ The user account is not configured on the device or the user is not allowed to use the access service.

· The device does not turn to the backup authorization methods if local authorization is invalid because of any other reason. Authorization fails for the user.

Prerequisites

Before configuring authorization methods, complete the following tasks:

1. Determine the access type or service type to be configured. With AAA, you can configure an authorization scheme for each access type and service type.

2. Determine whether to configure the default authorization method for all access types or service types. The default authorization method applies to all access users. However, the method has a lower priority than the authorization method that is specified for an access type or service type.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. (Optional.) Specify default authorization methods for all types of users.

authorization default { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the authorization method is local.

4. Specify authorization methods for a user type or a service.

¡ Specify authorization methods for ADVPN users.

authorization advpn { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for ADVPN users.

¡ Specify command authorization methods.

authorization command { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ none ] | none }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for command authorization.

¡ Specify authorization methods for IKE extended authentication.

authorization ike { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for IKE extended authentication.

¡ Specify authorization methods for IPoE users.

authorization ipoe { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for IPoE users.

¡ Specify authorization methods for LAN users.

authorization lan-access { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for LAN users.

¡ Specify authorization methods for login users.

authorization login { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for login users.

¡ Specify authorization methods for portal users.

authorization portal { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for portal users.

¡ Specify authorization methods for PPP users.

authorization ppp { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for PPP users.

¡ Specify authorization methods for SSL VPN users.

authorization sslvpn { ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] | local [ ldap-scheme ldap-scheme-name | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default authorization methods are used for SSL VPN users.

Configuring accounting methods for an ISP domain

Restrictions and guidelines

FTP, SFTP, and SCP users do not support accounting.

Local accounting does not provide statistics for charging. It only counts and controls the number of concurrent users that use the same local user account. The threshold is configured by using the access-limit command.

When the primary accounting method is local, the following rules apply to the accounting of a user:

· The device uses the backup accounting methods in sequence only if local accounting is invalid for one of the following reasons:

¡ An exception occurs in the local accounting process.

¡ The user account is not configured on the device or the user is not allowed to use the access service.

· The device does not turn to the backup accounting methods if local accounting is invalid because of any other reason. Accounting fails for the user.

Prerequisites

Before configuring accounting methods, complete the following tasks:

1. Determine the access type or service type to be configured. With AAA, you can configure an accounting method for each access type and service type.

2. Determine whether to configure the default accounting method for all access types or service types. The default accounting method applies to all access users. However, the method has a lower priority than the accounting method that is specified for an access type or service type.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. (Optional.) Specify default accounting methods for all types of users.

accounting default { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the accounting method is local.

4. Specify accounting methods for a user type.

¡ Specify accounting methods for ADVPN users.

accounting advpn { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for ADVPN users.

¡ Specify the command accounting method.

accounting command hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name

By default, the default accounting methods are used for command accounting.

¡ Specify accounting methods for IPoE users.

accounting ipoe { broadcast radius-scheme radius-scheme-name1 radius-scheme radius-scheme-name2 [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for IPoE users.

¡ Specify accounting methods for LAN users.

accounting lan-access { broadcast radius-scheme radius-scheme-name1 radius-scheme radius-scheme-name2 [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for LAN users.

¡ Specify accounting methods for login users.

accounting login { hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for login users.

¡ Specify accounting methods for portal users.

accounting portal { broadcast radius-scheme radius-scheme-name1 radius-scheme radius-scheme-name2 [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for portal users.

¡ Specify accounting methods for PPP users.

accounting ppp { broadcast radius-scheme radius-scheme-name1 radius-scheme radius-scheme-name2 [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] | local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name | hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] * [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ hwtacacs-scheme hwtacacs-scheme-name ] [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for PPP users.

¡ Specify accounting methods for SSL VPN users.

accounting sslvpn { local [ radius-scheme radius-scheme-name ] [ none ] | none | radius-scheme radius-scheme-name [ local ] [ none ] }

By default, the default accounting methods are used for SSL VPN users.

5. (Optional.) Configure extended accounting policies.

¡ Configure access control for users that encounter accounting-start failures.

accounting start-fail { offline | online }

By default, the device allows users that encounter accounting-start failures to stay online.

¡ Configure access control for users that have failed all their accounting-update attempts.

accounting update-fail { [ max-times max-times ] offline | online }

By default, the device allows users that have failed all their accounting-update attempts to stay online.

¡ Configure access control for users that have used up their data or time accounting quotas.

accounting quota-out { offline | online }

By default, the device logs off users that have used up their accounting quotas.

Display and maintenance commands for ISP domains

Execute display commands in any view.

Task	Command
Display configuration information about an ISP domain or all ISP domains.	display domain [ isp-name ]

Setting the maximum number of concurrent login users

About this task

Perform this task to set the maximum number of concurrent users that can log on to the device through a specific protocol, regardless of their authentication methods. The authentication methods include no authentication, local authentication, and remote authentication.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Set the maximum number of concurrent login users.

aaa session-limit { ftp | http | https | ssh | telnet } max-sessions

By default, the maximum number of concurrent login users is 32 for each user type.

Configuring a NAS-ID

About this task

During RADIUS authentication, the device uses a NAS-ID to set the NAS-Identifier attribute of RADIUS packets so that the RADIUS server can identify the access location of users.

The device selects the NAS-ID for the NAS-Identifier attribute in the following order:

1. NAS-ID bound with VLANs in a NAS-ID profile.

2. NAS-ID in an ISP domain.

If no NAS-ID is configured, the device uses the device name (set by using the sysname command) as the NAS-ID.

Configuring a NAS-ID profile

About this task

Configure a NAS-ID profile to maintain NAS-ID and VLAN bindings on the device so that the device can send different NAS-Identifier attribute strings in RADIUS requests from different VLANs.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can apply a NAS-ID profile to portal-enabled interfaces. For more information, see "Configuring portal authentication."

You can configure multiple NAS-ID and VLAN bindings in a NAS-ID profile.

A NAS-ID can be bound with more than one VLAN, but a VLAN can be bound with only one NAS-ID. If you configure multiple bindings for the same VLAN, the most recent configuration takes effect.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a NAS-ID profile and enter NAS-ID profile view.

aaa nas-id profile profile-name

3. Configure a NAS-ID and VLAN binding in the profile.

nas-id nas-identifier bind vlan vlan-id

Setting the NAS-ID in an ISP domain

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter ISP domain view.

domain isp-name

3. Set the NAS-ID in the ISP domain.

nas-id nas-identifier

By default, no NAS-ID is set in an ISP domain.

Configuring the device ID

About this task

RADIUS uses the value of the Acct-Session-ID attribute as the accounting ID for a user. The device generates an Acct-Session-ID value that includes the device ID for each online user.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Configure the device ID.

aaa device-id device-id

By default, the device ID is 0.

Enabling password change prompt logging

About this task

Use this feature to enhance the protection of passwords for Telnet, SSH, HTTP, HTTPS, NETCONF over SSH, and NETCONF over SOAP users and improve the system security.

This feature enables the device to generate logs to prompt users to change their weak passwords at an interval of 24 hours and at the users' login.

A password is a weak password if it does not meet the following requirements:

· Password composition restriction configured by using the password-control composition command.

· Minimum password length restriction set by using the password-control length command.

· It cannot contain the username or the reverse letters of the username.

For a NETCONF over SSH or NETCONF over SOAP user, the device also generates a password change prompt log if any of the following conditions exists:

· The current password of the user is the default password or has expired.

· The user logs in to the device for the first time or uses a new password to log in after global password control is enabled.

The device will no longer generate password change prompt logs for a user when one of the following conditions exists:

· The password change prompt logging feature is disabled.

· The user has changed the password and the new password meets the password control requirements.

· The enabling status of a related password control feature has changed so the current password of the user meets the password control requirements.

· The password composition policy or the minimum password length has changed.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can use the display password-control command to display password control configuration. For more information about password control commands, see password control commands in Security Command Reference.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enable password change prompt logging.

local-server log change-password-prompt

By default, password change prompt logging is enabled.

AAA configuration examples

Example: Configuring authentication and authorization for SSH users by a RADIUS server

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 10, configure the device to meet the following requirements:

· Use the RADIUS server for SSH user authentication and authorization.

· Include domain names in the usernames sent to the RADIUS server.

· Assign the network-admin user role to SSH users after they pass authentication.

The RADIUS server runs IMC PLAT 7.3 (E0605) and IMC UAM 7.3 (E0512). Add an account named hello@bbb on the RADIUS server.

The RADIUS server and the device use expert as the shared key for secure RADIUS communication. The ports for authentication and accounting are 1812 and 1813, respectively.

Figure 10 Network diagram

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Configuring the RADIUS server

1. Add the device to the IMC Platform as an access device:

Log in to IMC, click the User tab, and select User Access Policy > Access Device Management > Access Device from the navigation tree. Then, click Add to configure an access device as follows:

a. Set the ports for authentication and accounting to 1812 and 1813, respectively.

b. Select Device Management Service from the Service Type list.

c. Select H3C (General) from the Access Device Type list.

d. Set the shared key to expert for secure RADIUS communication.

e. Select an access device from the device list or manually add an access device. In this example, the device IP address is 10.1.1.2.

f. Use the default values for other parameters.

g. Click OK.

The IP address of the access device specified here must be the same as the source IP address of the RADIUS packets sent from the device. The source IP address is chosen in the following order on the device:

¡ IP address specified by using the nas-ip command.

¡ IP address specified by using the radius nas-ip command.

¡ IP address of the outbound interface (the default).

Figure 11 Adding the device as an access device

2. Add an account for device management:

Click the User tab, and select Device User > Device User from the navigation tree. Then, click Add to configure a device management account as follows:

a. Enter account name hello@bbb and specify the password.

b. Select SSH from the Login Type list.

c. Enter network-admin in the Role Name field.

d. Specify 10.1.1.0 to 10.1.1.255 as the IP address range of hosts to be managed.

e. Click OK.

NOTE:

The IP address range must contain the IP address of the device.

Figure 12 Adding an account for device management

Configuring the device

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Configure key pairs:

# Create local RSA key pairs.

<Device> system-view

[Device] public-key local create rsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local DSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create dsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local ECDSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create ecdsa secp256r1

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

3. Configure SSH:

# Enable the Stelnet server.

[Device] ssh server enable

# Enable scheme authentication for user lines VTY 0 through VTY 63.

[Device] line vty 0 63

[Device-line-vty0-63] authentication-mode scheme

[Device-line-vty0-63] quit

4. Configure a RADIUS scheme:

# Create a RADIUS scheme.

[Device] radius scheme rad

# Specify the primary authentication server.

[Device-radius-rad] primary authentication 10.1.1.1 1812

# Set the shared key to expert in plaintext form for secure communication with the server.

[Device-radius-rad] key authentication simple expert

# Include domain names in the usernames sent to the RADIUS server.

[Device-radius-rad] user-name-format with-domain

[Device-radius-rad] quit

5. Create an ISP domain named bbb and configure authentication, authorization, and accounting methods for login users. Because RADIUS user authorization information is piggybacked in authentication responses, the authentication and authorization methods must use the same RADIUS scheme.

[Device] domain bbb

[Device-isp-bbb] authentication login radius-scheme rad

[Device-isp-bbb] authorization login radius-scheme rad

[Device-isp-bbb] accounting login none

[Device-isp-bbb] quit

Verifying the configuration

# Initiate an SSH connection to the device, and enter username hello@bbb and the correct password. The user logs in to the device. (Details not shown.)

# Verify that the user can use the commands permitted by the network-admin user role. (Details not shown.)

Example: Configuring local authentication and authorization for SSH users

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 13, configure the device to meet the following requirements:

· Perform local authentication and authorization for SSH users.

· Assign the network-admin user role to SSH users after they pass authentication.

Figure 13 Network diagram

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Procedure

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Configure key pairs:

# Create local RSA key pairs.

<Device> system-view

[Device] public-key local create rsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local DSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create dsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local ECDSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create ecdsa secp256r1

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

3. Configure SSH:

# Enable the Stelnet server.

[Device] ssh server enable

# Enable scheme authentication for user lines VTY 0 through VTY 63.

[Device] line vty 0 63

[Device-line-vty0-63] authentication-mode scheme

[Device-line-vty0-63] quit

4. Configure a local SSH user:

# Create a device management user.

[Device] local-user ssh class manage

# Assign the SSH service for the local user.

[Device-luser-manage-ssh] service-type ssh

# Set the password to 123456TESTplat&! in plaintext form for the local user.

[Device-luser-manage-ssh] password simple 123456TESTplat&!

# Specify the user role for the user as network-admin.

[Device-luser-manage-ssh] authorization-attribute user-role network-admin

[Device-luser-manage-ssh] quit

5. Create an ISP domain named bbb and configure the domain to use local authentication and authorization for login users.

[Device] domain bbb

[Device-isp-bbb] authentication login local

[Device-isp-bbb] authorization login local

[Device-isp-bbb] quit

Verifying the configuration

# Initiate an SSH connection to the device, and enter username ssh@bbb and the correct password. The user logs in to the device. (Details not shown.)

# Verify that the user can use the commands permitted by the network-admin user role. (Details not shown.)

Example: Configuring AAA for SSH users by an HWTACACS server

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 14, configure the device to meet the following requirements:

· Use the HWTACACS server for SSH user authentication, authorization, and accounting.

· Assign the default user role network-operator to SSH users after they pass authentication.

· Exclude domain names from the usernames sent to the HWTACACS server.

· Use expert as the shared keys for secure HWTACACS communication.

Figure 14 Network diagram

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Configuring the HWTACACS server

# Set the shared keys to expert for secure communication with the device, add an account for the SSH user, and specify the password. (Details not shown.)

Configuring the device

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Configure key pairs:

# Create local RSA key pairs.

<Device> system-view

[Device] public-key local create rsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local DSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create dsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local ECDSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create ecdsa secp256r1

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

3. Configure SSH:

# Enable the Stelnet server.

[Device] ssh server enable

# Enable scheme authentication for user lines VTY 0 through VTY 63.

[Device] line vty 0 63

[Device-line-vty0-63] authentication-mode scheme

[Device-line-vty0-63] quit

# Enable the default user role feature to assign authenticated SSH users the default user role network-operator.

[Device] role default-role enable

4. Configure an HWTACACS scheme:

# Create an HWTACACS scheme.

[Device] hwtacacs scheme hwtac

# Specify the primary authentication server.

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] primary authentication 10.1.1.1 49

# Specify the primary authorization server.

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] primary authorization 10.1.1.1 49

# Specify the primary accounting server.

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] primary accounting 10.1.1.1 49

# Set the shared keys to expert in plaintext form for secure HWTACACS communication.

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] key authentication simple expert

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] key authorization simple expert

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] key accounting simple expert

# Exclude domain names from the usernames sent to the HWTACACS server.

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] user-name-format without-domain

[Device-hwtacacs-hwtac] quit

5. Create an ISP domain and configure the domain to use the HWTACACS scheme for authentication, authorization, and accounting of login users.

[Device] domain bbb

[Device-isp-bbb] authentication login hwtacacs-scheme hwtac

[Device-isp-bbb] authorization login hwtacacs-scheme hwtac

[Device-isp-bbb] accounting login hwtacacs-scheme hwtac

[Device-isp-bbb] quit

Verifying the configuration

# Initiate an SSH connection to the device, and enter the correct username and password. The user logs in to the device. (Details not shown.)

# Verify that the user can use the commands permitted by the network-operator user role. (Details not shown.)

Example: Configuring authentication for SSH users by an LDAP server

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 15, the LDAP server runs Microsoft Windows 2003 Server Active Directory and uses domain ldap.com.

Configure the device to meet the following requirements:

· Use the LDAP server to authenticate SSH users.

· Assign the level-0 user role to SSH users after they pass authentication.

On the LDAP server, set the administrator password to admin!123456, add a user named aaa, and set the user's password to ldap!123456.

Figure 15 Network diagram

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Configuring the LDAP server

1. Add a user named aaa and set the password to ldap!123456:

a. On the LDAP server, select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools.

b. Double-click Active Directory Users and Computers.

The Active Directory Users and Computers window is displayed.

c. From the navigation tree, click Users under the ldap.com node.

d. Select Action > New > User from the menu to display the dialog box for adding a user.

e. Enter logon name aaa and click Next.

Figure 16 Adding user aaa

f. In the dialog box, enter password ldap!123456, select options as needed, and click Next.

Figure 17 Setting the user's password

g. Click OK.

2. Add user aaa to group Users:

a. From the navigation tree, click Users under the ldap.com node.

b. In the right pane, right-click user aaa and select Properties.

c. In the dialog box, click the Member Of tab and click Add.

Figure 18 Modifying user properties

d. In the Select Groups dialog box, enter Users in the Enter the object names to select field, and click OK.

User aaa is added to group Users.

Figure 19 Adding user aaa to group Users

3. Set the administrator password to admin!123456:

a. In the right pane, right-click user Administrator and select Set Password.

b. In the dialog box, enter the administrator password. (Details not shown.)

Configuring the device

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Configure key pairs:

# Create local RSA key pairs.

<Device> system-view

[Device] public-key local create rsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local DSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create dsa

The range of public key modulus is (512 ~ 2048).

If the key modulus is greater than 512, it will take a few minutes.

Press CTRL+C to abort.

Input the modulus length [default = 1024]:

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

# Create a local ECDSA key pair.

[Device] public-key local create ecdsa secp256r1

Generating Keys...

Create the key pair successfully.

3. Configure SSH:

# Enable the Stelnet server:

[Device] ssh server enable

# Enable scheme authentication for user lines VTY 0 through VTY 63.

[Device] line vty 0 63

[Device-line-vty0-63] authentication-mode scheme

[Device-line-vty0-63] quit

4. Configure LDAP:

# Configure an LDAP server.

[Device] ldap server ldap1

# Specify the IP address of the LDAP authentication server.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] ip 10.1.1.1

# Specify the administrator DN.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] login-dn cn=administrator,cn=users,dc=ldap,dc=com

# Specify the administrator password.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] login-password simple admin!123456

# Configure the base DN for user search.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] search-base-dn dc=ldap,dc=com

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] quit

# Create an LDAP scheme.

[Device] ldap scheme ldap1-shml

# Specify the LDAP authentication server.

[Device-ldap-ldap-shml] authentication-server ldap1

[Device-ldap-ldap1-shml] quit

5. Create an ISP domain named bbb and configure the authentication, authorization, and accounting methods for login users.

[Device] domain bbb

[Device-isp-bbb] authentication login ldap-scheme ldap1-shml

[Device-isp-bbb] authorization login none

[Device-isp-bbb] accounting login none

[Device-isp-bbb] quit

Verifying the configuration

# Initiate an SSH connection to the device, and enter username aaa@bbb and password ldap!123456. The user logs in to the device. (Details not shown.)

# Verify that the user can use the commands permitted by the level-0 user role. (Details not shown.)

Example: Configuring authentication and authorization for SSL VPN users by an LDAP server

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 20, configure the device to meet the following requirements:

· Use the LDAP server to perform authentication and authorization for the SSL VPN user.

· Act as an SSL VPN gateway. The gateway IP address is 192.168.1.70 and the service port number is 8080.

The LDAP server runs Microsoft Windows 2003 Server Active Directory and uses domain ldap.com. The server assigns an SSL VPN policy group named pg1 to the user after authentication. The policy group specifies the Web resources that the user can access.

Figure 20 Network diagram

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Configuring the LDAP server

1. Add a user named aaa and set the password to ldap!123456:

a. On the LDAP server, select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools.

b. Double-click Active Directory Users and Computers.

The Active Directory Users and Computers window is displayed.

c. From the navigation tree, click Users under the ldap.com node.

d. Select Action > New > User from the menu to display the dialog box for adding a user.

e. Enter logon name aaa and click Next.

Figure 21 Adding user aaa

f. In the dialog box, enter password ldap!123456, select options as needed, and click Next.

Figure 22 Setting the user's password

g. Click OK.

2. Add user aaa to group Users:

a. From the navigation tree, click Users under the ldap.com node.

b. In the right pane, right-click user aaa and select Properties.

c. In the dialog box, click the Member Of tab and click Add.

Figure 23 Modifying user properties

d. In the Select Groups dialog box, enter Users in the Enter the object names to select field, and click OK.

User aaa is added to group Users.

Figure 24 Adding user aaa to group Users

3. Set the administrator password to admin!123456:

a. In the right pane, right-click user Administrator and select Set Password.

b. In the dialog box, enter the administrator password. (Details not shown.)

Configuring the device

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Create a PKI domain named sslvpn and obtain the CA and local certificates (see "Configuring PKI"). (Details not shown.)

3. Configure SSL:

# Create an SSL server policy named myssl.

<Device> system-view

[Device] ssl server-policy myssl

# Specify PKI domain sslvpn for the SSL server policy.

[Device-server-policy-myssl] pki-domain sslvpn

[Device-server-policy-myssl] quit

4. Configure SSL VPN:

# Set the SSL VPN gateway name to g1.

[Device] sslvpn gateway g1

# Specify SSL server policy myssl for the SSL VPN gateway.

[Device-sslvpn-gateway-g1] ssl server-policy myssl

# Set the gateway IP address to 192.168.1.70 and port number to 8080.

[Device-sslvpn-gateway-g1] ip address 192.168.1.70 port 8080

# Enable the SSL VPN gateway.

[Device-sslvpn-gateway-g1] service enable

[Device-sslvpn-gateway-g1] quit

# Create an SSL VPN context named aaa.

[Device] sslvpn context aaa

# Specify gateway g1 for the SSL VPN context.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] gateway g1

# Specify domain bbb for authentication, authorization, and accounting of SSL VPN users in the context.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] aaa domain bbb

# Create a URL item named urlitem and specify the resource URL in the URL item.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] url-item urlitem

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-url-item-urlitem] url http://20.2.2.2

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-url-item-urlitem] quit

# Create a URL list named urllist in SSL VPN context aaa.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] url-list urllist

# Configure the heading as web for the URL list.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-url-list-urllist] heading web

# Assign URL item urlitem to URL list urllist.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-url-list-urllist] resources url-item urlitem

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-url-list-urllist] quit

# Create an SSL VPN policy group named pg1 for SSL VPN context aaa, and then add URL list urllist to the policy group for Web access.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] policy-group pg1

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-policy-group-pg1] resources url-list urllist

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa-policy-group-pg1] quit

# Enable the SSL VPN context.

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] service enable

[Device-sslvpn-context-aaa] quit

5. Configure LDAP:

# Configure an LDAP server.

[Device] ldap server ldap1

# Specify the IP address of the LDAP server.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] ip 10.1.1.1

# Specify the administrator DN.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] login-dn cn=administrator,cn=users,dc=ldap,dc=com

# Specify the administrator password.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] login-password simple admin!123456

# Configure the base DN for user search.

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] search-base-dn dc=ldap,dc=com

[Device-ldap-server-ldap1] quit

# Create an LDAP attribute map named test.

[Device] ldap attribute-map test

# Map a partial value string of the LDAP attribute named memberof to AAA attribute named user-group.

[Device-ldap-attr-map-test] map ldap-attribute memberof prefix cn= delimiter , aaa-attribute user-group

[Device-ldap-attr-map-test] quit

# Create an LDAP scheme.

[Device] ldap scheme shml

# Specify the LDAP authentication and authorization servers.

[Device-ldap-shml] authentication-server ldap1

[Device-ldap-shml] authorization-server ldap1

# Specify LDAP attribute map test in LDAP scheme shml.

[Device-ldap-shml] attribute-map test

[Device-ldap-shml] quit

6. Create an ISP domain named bbb and configure the authentication, authorization, and accounting methods for SSL VPN users.

[Device] domain bbb

[Device-isp-bbb] authentication sslvpn ldap-scheme shml

[Device-isp-bbb] authorization sslvpn ldap-scheme shml

[Device-isp-bbb] accounting sslvpn none

[Device-isp-bbb] quit

7. Create a user group named users and authorize SSL VPN policy group pg1 to the group.

[Device] user-group users

[Device-ugroup-users] authorization-attribute sslvpn-policy-group pg1

[Device-ugroup-users] quit

Verifying the configuration

# In the Web browser, enter https://192.168.1.70:8080 in the address bar.

# Enter username aaa@bbb and password ldap!123456. The user logs in to the website. (Details not shown.)

# Verify that the user can access the Web resources in SSL VPN policy group pg1.

Example: Configuring and managing a local guest

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 25, create a local guest named user1 for Jack. Configure local guest attributes and manage the local guest on the device as follows:

· Configure attributes for the local guest, including the password, user group, validity period, and sponsor information.

· Enable the guest auto-delete feature.

· Specify an SMTP server and email sender address for the device to send local guest email notifications.

· Configure email addresses for the local guest, guest sponsor, and guest manager.

· Configure the subject and body of the email notifications to be sent to the guest, guest sponsor, and guest manager.

· Send email notifications of the local guest account information to the guest and guest sponsor.

Figure 25 Network diagram

Procedure

1. Assign IP addresses to interfaces and configure routes, security zones, zone pairs, and interzone policies. Make sure the network connections are available. (Details not shown.)

2. Manage local guests:

# Enable the guest auto-delete feature for expired local guests.

<Device> system-view

[Device] local-guest auto-delete enable

# Specify an SMTP server to send local guest email notifications.

[Device] local-guest email smtp-server smtp://192.168.0.112/smtp

# Specify the email sender address as [email protected] in the email notifications sent by the device for local guests.

[Device] local-guest email sender [email protected]

# Specify the email address of the guest manager as [email protected].

[Device] local-guest manager-email [email protected]

# Configure the subject and body of the email notifications to be sent to the local guest.

[Device] local-guest email format to guest subject Guest account information

[Device] local-guest email format to guest body A guest account has been created for your use. The username, password, and valid dates for the account are given below.

# Configure the subject and body of the email notifications to be sent to the guest sponsor.

[Device] local-guest email format to sponsor subject Guest account information

[Device] local-guest email format to sponsor body A guest account has been created. The username, password, and valid dates for the account are given below.

# Configure the subject and body of the email notifications to be sent to the guest manager.

[Device] local-guest email format to manager subject Guest registration information

[Device] local-guest email format to manager body A guest account has been registered. The username for the account is given below. Please approve the register information.

3. Configure the local guest:

# Create a user group named guest1.

[Device] user-group guest1

[Device-ugroup-guest1] quit

# Create a local guest named user1 and enter local guest view.

[Device] local-user user1 class network guest

# Set the guest password to 123456 in plain text.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] password simple 123456

# Assign the guest to user group guest1.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] group guest1

# Specify the name of the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] full-name Jack

# Specify the company of the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] company cc

# Configure the email address of the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] email [email protected]

# Configure the phone number of the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] phone 131129237

# Configure a description for the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] description A guest from company cc

# Configure the validity period of the local guest.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] validity-datetime from 2015/4/1 08:00:00 to 2015/4/3 18:00:00

# Specify the guest sponsor name as Sam.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] sponsor-full-name Sam

# Configure the email address of the guest sponsor.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] sponsor-email [email protected]

# Configure the department of the guest sponsor as security.

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] sponsor-department security

[Device-luser-network(guest)-user1] quit

[Device] quit

4. Configure the device to send guest email notifications:

# Send an email notification to the guest sponsor.

<Device> local-guest send-email user-name user1 to sponsor

# Send an email notification to the guest.

<Device> local-guest send-email user-name user1 to guest

Verifying the configuration

# Display local guest information.

<Device> display local-user user-name user1 class network guest

Total 1 local users matched.

Network access guest user user1:

State: Active

Service type: LAN access/Portal

User group: guest1

Full name: Jack

Company: cc

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 131129237

Description: A guest from company cc

Sponsor full name: Sam

Sponsor department: security

Sponsor email: [email protected]

Period of validity:

Start date and time: 2015/04/01-08:00:00

Expiration date and time:2015/04/03-18:00:00

# Verify that Jack can use username user1 and password 123456 to pass local authentication and come online during the validity period. (Details not shown.)

Troubleshooting AAA

RADIUS authentication failure

Symptom

User authentication always fails.

Analysis

Possible reasons include:

· A communication failure exists between the NAS and the RADIUS server.

· The username is not in the userid@isp-name format, or the ISP domain is not correctly configured on the NAS.

· The user is not configured on the RADIUS server.

· The password entered by the user is incorrect.

· The RADIUS server and the NAS are configured with different shared keys.

Solution

To resolve the problem:

1. Verify the following items:

¡ The NAS and the RADIUS server can ping each other.

¡ The username is in the userid@isp-name format and the ISP domain is correctly configured on the NAS.

¡ The user is configured on the RADIUS server.

¡ The correct password is entered.

¡ The same shared key is configured on both the RADIUS server and the NAS.

2. If the problem persists, contact H3C Support.

RADIUS packet delivery failure

Symptom

RADIUS packets cannot reach the RADIUS server.

Analysis

Possible reasons include:

· A communication failure exists between the NAS and the RADIUS server.

· The NAS is not configured with the IP address of the RADIUS server.

· The authentication and accounting UDP ports configured on the NAS are incorrect.

· The RADIUS server's authentication and accounting port numbers are being used by other applications.

Solution

To resolve the problem:

1. Verify the following items:

¡ The link between the NAS and the RADIUS server works well at both the physical and data link layers.

¡ The IP address of the RADIUS server is correctly configured on the NAS.

¡ The authentication and accounting UDP port numbers configured on the NAS are the same as those of the RADIUS server.

¡ The RADIUS server's authentication and accounting port numbers are available.

2. If the problem persists, contact H3C Support.

RADIUS accounting error

Symptom

A user is authenticated and authorized, but accounting for the user is not normal.

Analysis

The accounting server configuration on the NAS is not correct. Possible reasons include:

· The accounting port number configured on the NAS is incorrect.

· The accounting server IP address configured on the NAS is incorrect. For example, the NAS is configured to use a single server to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting services, but in fact the services are provided by different servers.

Solution

To resolve the problem:

1. Verify the following items:

¡ The accounting port number is correctly configured.

¡ The accounting server IP address is correctly configured on the NAS.

2. If the problem persists, contact H3C Support.

Troubleshooting HWTACACS

Similar to RADIUS troubleshooting. See "RADIUS authentication failure", "RADIUS packet delivery failure", and "RADIUS accounting error."

LDAP authentication failure

Symptom

User authentication fails.

Analysis

Possible reasons include:

· A communication failure exists between the NAS and the LDAP server.

· The LDAP server IP address or port number configured on the NAS is not correct.

· The username is not in the userid@isp-name format, or the ISP domain is not correctly configured on the NAS.

· The user is not configured on the LDAP server.

· The password entered by the user is incorrect.

· The administrator DN or password is not configured.

· Some user attributes (for example, the username attribute) configured on the NAS are not consistent with those configured on the server.

· No user search base DN is specified for the LDAP scheme.

Solution

To resolve the problem:

1. Verify the following items:

¡ The NAS and the LDAP server can ping each other.

¡ The IP address and port number of the LDAP server configured on the NAS match those of the server.

¡ The username is in the correct format and the ISP domain for the user authentication is correctly configured on the NAS.

¡ The user is configured on the LDAP server.

¡ The correct password is entered.

¡ The administrator DN and the administrator password are correctly configured.

¡ The user attributes (for example, the username attribute) configured on the NAS are consistent with those configured on the LDAP server.

¡ The user search base DN for authentication is specified.

2. If the problem persists, contact H3C Support.

Appendixes

Appendix A Commonly used RADIUS attributes

Commonly used RADIUS attributes are defined in RFC 2865, RFC 2866, RFC 2867, and RFC 2868.

Table 3 Commonly used RADIUS attributes

No.	Attribute	No.	Attribute
1	User-Name	45	Acct-Authentic
2	User-Password	46	Acct-Session-Time
3	CHAP-Password	47	Acct-Input-Packets
4	NAS-IP-Address	48	Acct-Output-Packets
5	NAS-Port	49	Acct-Terminate-Cause
6	Service-Type	50	Acct-Multi-Session-Id
7	Framed-Protocol	51	Acct-Link-Count
8	Framed-IP-Address	52	Acct-Input-Gigawords
9	Framed-IP-Netmask	53	Acct-Output-Gigawords
10	Framed-Routing	54	(unassigned)
11	Filter-ID	55	Event-Timestamp
12	Framed-MTU	56-59	(unassigned)
13	Framed-Compression	60	CHAP-Challenge
14	Login-IP-Host	61	NAS-Port-Type
15	Login-Service	62	Port-Limit
16	Login-TCP-Port	63	Login-LAT-Port
17	(unassigned)	64	Tunnel-Type
18	Reply-Message	65	Tunnel-Medium-Type
19	Callback-Number	66	Tunnel-Client-Endpoint
20	Callback-ID	67	Tunnel-Server-Endpoint
21	(unassigned)	68	Acct-Tunnel-Connection
22	Framed-Route	69	Tunnel-Password
23	Framed-IPX-Network	70	ARAP-Password
24	State	71	ARAP-Features
25	Class	72	ARAP-Zone-Access
26	Vendor-Specific	73	ARAP-Security
27	Session-Timeout	74	ARAP-Security-Data
28	Idle-Timeout	75	Password-Retry
29	Termination-Action	76	Prompt
30	Called-Station-Id	77	Connect-Info
31	Calling-Station-Id	78	Configuration-Token
32	NAS-Identifier	79	EAP-Message
33	Proxy-State	80	Message-Authenticator
34	Login-LAT-Service	81	Tunnel-Private-Group-ID
35	Login-LAT-Node	82	Tunnel-Assignment-id
36	Login-LAT-Group	83	Tunnel-Preference
37	Framed-AppleTalk-Link	84	ARAP-Challenge-Response
38	Framed-AppleTalk-Network	85	Acct-Interim-Interval
39	Framed-AppleTalk-Zone	86	Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost
40	Acct-Status-Type	87	NAS-Port-Id
41	Acct-Delay-Time	88	Framed-Pool
42	Acct-Input-Octets	89	(unassigned)
43	Acct-Output-Octets	90	Tunnel-Client-Auth-id
44	Acct-Session-Id	91	Tunnel-Server-Auth-id

Appendix B Descriptions for commonly used standard RADIUS attributes

No.	Attribute	Description
1	User-Name	Name of the user to be authenticated.
2	User-Password	User password for PAP authentication, only present in Access-Request packets when PAP authentication is used.
3	CHAP-Password	Digest of the user password for CHAP authentication, only present in Access-Request packets when CHAP authentication is used.
4	NAS-IP-Address	IP address for the server to use to identify the client. Typically, a client is identified by the IP address of its access interface. This attribute is only present in Access-Request packets.
5	NAS-Port	Physical port of the NAS that the user accesses.
6	Service-Type	Type of service that the user has requested or type of service to be provided.
7	Framed-Protocol	Encapsulation protocol for framed access.
8	Framed-IP-Address	IP address assigned to the user.
11	Filter-ID	Name of the filter list. This attribute is parsed as follows: · If the name is a string of all digits, it indicates an ACL number. · If the name is a string in the format of user-group=name1;name2;..;namex, it indicates a list of user group names. This type of filter list is applicable only to SSL VPN users. · If the name is not a string of all digits and the name string does not contain an equal sign (=), it indicates a user profile name.
12	Framed-MTU	MTU for the data link between the user and NAS.
14	Login-IP-Host	IP address of the NAS interface that the user accesses.
15	Login-Service	Type of service that the user uses for login.
18	Reply-Message	Text to be displayed to the user, which can be used by the server to communicate information, for example, the cause of the authentication failure.
26	Vendor-Specific	Vendor-specific proprietary attribute. A packet can contain one or more proprietary attributes, each of which can contain one or more subattributes.
27	Session-Timeout	Maximum service duration for the user before termination of the session.
28	Idle-Timeout	Maximum idle time permitted for the user before termination of the session.
31	Calling-Station-Id	User identification that the NAS sends to the server. For the LAN access service provided by an H3C device, this attribute includes the MAC address of the user.
32	NAS-Identifier	Identification that the NAS uses to identify itself to the RADIUS server.
40	Acct-Status-Type	Type of the Accounting-Request packet. Possible values include: · 1—Start. · 2—Stop. · 3—Interim-Update. · 4—Reset-Charge. · 7—Accounting-On. (Defined in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project.) · 8—Accounting-Off. (Defined in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project.) · 9 to 14—Reserved for tunnel accounting. · 15—Reserved for failed.
45	Acct-Authentic	Authentication method used by the user. Possible values include: · 1—RADIUS. · 2—Local. · 3—Remote.
60	CHAP-Challenge	CHAP challenge generated by the NAS for MD5 calculation during CHAP authentication.
61	NAS-Port-Type	Type of the physical port of the NAS that is authenticating the user. Possible values include: · 15—Ethernet. · 16—Any type of ADSL. · 17—Cable. (With cable for cable TV.) · 19—WLAN-IEEE 802.11. · 201—VLAN. · 202—ATM. If the port is an ATM or Ethernet one and VLANs are implemented on it, the value of this attribute is 201.
64	Tunnel-Type	Tunneling protocols used. The value 13 represents VLAN. If the value is 13, the device interprets the Tunnel-Type, Tunnel-Medium-Type, and Tunnel-Private-Group-ID attributes as attributes to assign VLANs.
65	Tunnel-Medium-Type	Transport medium type to use for creating a tunnel. For VLAN assignment, the value must be 6 to indicate the 802 media plus Ethernet.
79	EAP-Message	Used to encapsulate EAP packets to allow RADIUS to support EAP authentication.
80	Message-Authenticator	Used for authentication and verification of authentication packets to prevent spoofing Access-Requests. This attribute is present when EAP authentication is used.
81	Tunnel-Private-Group-ID	Group ID for a tunnel session. To assign VLANs, the NAS conveys VLAN IDs by using this attribute.
87	NAS-Port-Id	String for describing the port of the NAS that is authenticating the user.

Appendix C RADIUS subattributes (vendor ID 25506)

Table 4 lists all RADIUS subattributes with a vendor ID of 25506. Support for these subattributes depends on the device model.

Table 4 RADIUS subattributes (vendor ID 25506)

No.	Subattribute	Description
1	Input-Peak-Rate	Peak rate in the direction from the user to the NAS, in bps.
2	Input-Average-Rate	Average rate in the direction from the user to the NAS, in bps.
3	Input-Basic-Rate	Basic rate in the direction from the user to the NAS, in bps.
4	Output-Peak-Rate	Peak rate in the direction from the NAS to the user, in bps.
5	Output-Average-Rate	Average rate in the direction from the NAS to the user, in bps.
6	Output-Basic-Rate	Basic rate in the direction from the NAS to the user, in bps.
15	Remanent_Volume	Total amount of data available for the connection, in different units for different server types.
17	ISP-ID	ISP domain where the user obtains authorization information.
20	Command	Operation for the session, used for session control. Possible values include: · 1—Trigger-Request. · 2—Terminate-Request. · 3—SetPolicy. · 4—Result. · 5—PortalClear.
21	ACL-Version	IP protocol version for an ACL. This attribute is used with the Filter-ID attribute to identify the IP protocol version of the ACL in the filter list. · 1—IPv4. · 2—IPv6.
24	Control_Identifier	Identifier for a packet that is resent by the server. For packets resent by the server during the same session, the value of this attribute is the same. For packets resent by the server during different sessions, the value of this attribute might be the same. Response packets from the corresponding client must carry this attribute with the value the same as the packet resent by the server. This attribute can be ignored in start-accounting, stop-accounting, and interim-update-accounting requests.
25	Result_Code	Result of the Trigger-Request or SetPolicy operation, zero for success and any other value for failure.
26	Connect_ID	Index of the user connection.
27	PortalURL	PADM redirect URL assigned to PPPoE users.
28	Ftp_Directory	FTP, SFTP, or SCP user working directory. When the RADIUS client acts as the FTP, SFTP, or SCP server, this attribute is used to set the working directory for an FTP, SFTP, or SCP user on the RADIUS client.
29	Exec_Privilege	EXEC user priority.
32	NAT-IP-Address	Public IP address assigned to the user when the source IP address and port are translated.
33	NAT-Start-Port	Start port number of the port range assigned to the user when the source IP address and port are translated.
34	NAT-End-Port	End port number of the port range assigned to the user when the source IP address and port are translated.
59	NAS_Startup_Timestamp	Startup time of the NAS in seconds, which is represented by the time elapsed after 00:00:00 on Jan. 1, 1970 (UTC).
60	Ip_Host_Addr	User IP address and MAC address included in authentication and accounting requests, in the format A.B.C.D hh:hh:hh:hh:hh:hh. A space is required between the IP address and the MAC address.
61	User_Notify	Information that must be sent from the server to the client transparently.
98	Multicast_Receive_Group	IP address of the multicast group that the user's host joins as a receiver. This subattribute can appear multiple times in a multicast packet to indicate that the user belongs to multiple multicast groups.
100	IP6_Multicast_Receive_Group	IPv6 address of the multicast group that the user's host joins as a receiver. This subattribute can appear multiple times in a multicast packet to indicate that the user belongs to multiple multicast groups.
101	MLD-Access-Limit	Maximum number of MLD multicast groups that the user can join concurrently.
102	local-name	L2TP local tunnel name.
103	IGMP-Access-Limit	Maximum number of IGMP multicast groups that the user can join concurrently.
104	VPN-Instance	MPLS L3VPN instance to which a user belongs.
105	ANCP-Profile	ANCP profile name.
111	Longitude-Latitude	Longitude and latitude information of the NAS.
135	Client-Primary-DNS	IP address of the primary DNS server.
136	Client-Secondary-DNS	IP address of the secondary DNS server.
140	User_Group	User groups assigned after the user passes authentication. Typically, a user can belong to only one user group. An SSL VPN user can belong to multiple user groups that are separated by semicolons.
141	Security_Level	Security level assigned after the SSL VPN user passes security authentication.
144	Acct_IPv6_Input_Octets	Bytes of IPv6 packets in the inbound direction. The measurement unit depends on the configuration on the device.
145	Acct_IPv6_Output_Octets	Bytes of IPv6 packets in the outbound direction. The measurement unit depends on the configuration on the device.
146	Acct_IPv6_Input_Packets	Number of IPv6 packets in the inbound direction. The measurement unit depends on the configuration on the device.
147	Acct_IPv6_Output_Packets	Number of IPv6 packets in the outbound direction. The measurement unit depends on the configuration on the device.
148	Acct_IPv6_Input_Gigawords	Bytes of IPv6 packets in the inbound direction. The measurement unit is 4G bytes.
149	Acct_IPv6_Output_Gigawords	Bytes of IPv6 packets in the outbound direction. The measurement unit is 4G bytes.
155	User-Roles	List of space-separated user roles.
210	Av-Pair	User-defined attribute pair. Available attribute pairs include: · Server-assigned voice VLAN in the format of device-traffic-class=voice. · Server-assigned user role in the format of shell:role=xxx. · Server-deployed command to reboot a port, in the format of subscriber:command=bounce-host-port. · Server-assigned port shutdown duration in the format of bounce:seconds=xxx. · Server-deployed command to shut down a port, in the format of subscriber:command=disable-host-port.
246	Auth_Detail_Result	Accounting details. The server sends Access-Accept packets with subattributes 246 and 250 in the following situations: · 1—The subscriber charge is overdue. The subscriber is allowed to access network resources in the whitelist. If the subscriber accesses other network resources, the device redirects it to the URL specified by subattribute 250. · 2—The broadband lease of the subscriber expires. The device redirects the subscriber to the URL specified by subattribute 250 when the subscriber requests to access webpages for the first time.
247	Input-Committed-Burst-Size	Committed burst size from the user to the NAS, in bits. The total length cannot exceed 4 bytes for this field. This subattribute must be assigned together with the Input-Average-Rate attribute.
248	Output-Committed-Burst-Size	Committed burst size from the NAS to the user, in bits. The total length cannot exceed 4 bytes for this field. This subattribute must be assigned together with the Output-Average-Rate attribute.
249	authentication-type	Authentication type. The value can be: · 1—Intranet access authentication. · 2—Internet access authentication. If the packet does not contain this subattribute, common authentication applies.
250	WEB-URL	Redirect URL for PPP users.
251	Subscriber-ID	Family plan ID.
252	Subscriber-Profile	QoS policy name for the family plan of the subscriber.
255	Product_ID	Product name.

03-Security Configuration Guide

Client/server model

Information exchange security mechanism

User authentication methods

RADIUS packet format

Extended RADIUS attributes

HWTACACS

LDAP directory service

LDAP authentication and authorization

Basic LDAP authorization process

User management based on ISP domains and user access types

Authentication methods

Authorization methods

Accounting methods

AAA for VPNs

AAA tasks at a glance

Configuring local users

Configuring attributes for device management users

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Importing local users in batch

Exporting local users in batch

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Creating a RADIUS scheme

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Specifying RADIUS authentication servers

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines for source IP address configuration

Specifying a source IP address for all RADIUS schemes

Specifying a source IP address for a RADIUS scheme

Setting the username format and traffic statistics units

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure