RIP is a simple Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), mainly used in small-sized networks, such as academic networks and simple LANs. RIP is not applicable to complex networks.

RIP is widely used in practical networking because it is easy to implement, configure, and maintain.

RIP working mechanism

Introduction

RIP is a distance vector routing protocol, using UDP packets for exchanging information through port 520.

RIP uses a hop count to measure the distance to a destination. The hop count from a router to a directly connected network is 0. The hop count from a router to a directly connected router is 1. To limit convergence time, the range of RIP metric value is from 0 to 15. A metric value of 16 (or greater) is considered infinite, which means the destination network is unreachable. RIP is not suitable for large-scaled networks for this reason.

RIP prevents routing loops by implementing the split horizon and poison reverse functions.

RIP routing table

A RIP router has a routing table containing routing entries of all reachable destinations, and each routing entry contains the following elements:

· Destination address—IP address of a host or a network.

· Next hop—IP address of the adjacent router’s interface to reach the destination.

· Egress interface—Packet outgoing interface.

· Metric—Cost from the local router to the destination.

· Route time—Time elapsed since the routing entry was last updated. The time is reset to 0 every time the routing entry is updated.

· Route tag—Identifies a route, which is used in a routing policy to flexibly control routes. For information about routing policy, see the chapter “Configuring routing policy.”

RIP timers

RIP employs the following timers:

· Update timer—Defines the interval between routing updates.

· Timeout timer—Defines the route aging time. If no update for a route is received within the aging time, the metric of the route is set to 16 in the routing table.

· Suppress timer—Defines how long a RIP route stays in suppressed state. When the metric of a route is 16, the route enters the suppressed state. In the suppressed state, only routes that come from the same neighbor and whose metric is less than 16 will be received by the router to replace unreachable routes.

· Garbage-collect timer—Defines the interval from when the metric of a route becomes 16 to when it is deleted from the routing table. During the garbage-collect timer length, RIP advertises the route with the routing metric set to 16. If no update is announced for that route before the garbage-collect timer expires, the route is deleted from the routing table.

Routing loops prevention

RIP is a distance vector (D-V) routing protocol. Because a RIP router advertises its own routing table to neighbors, routing loops may occur.

RIP uses the following mechanisms to prevent routing loops:

· Counting to infinity—The metric value of 16 is defined as unreachable. When a routing loop occurs, the metric value of the route will increment to 16.

· Split horizon—To prevent routing loops and save bandwidth, a router does not send routing information back on the interface the information was learned from.

· Poison reverse—A router sets the metric of routes received from a neighbor to 16 (unreachable) and sends back these routes to the neighbor to help delete such information from the neighbor’s routing table.

· Triggered updates—A router advertises updates once the metric of a route is changed instead of after the update period expires to speed up network convergence.

RIP operation

The following procedure describes how RIP works:

1. After RIP is enabled, the router sends request messages to neighboring routers. Neighboring routers return response messages, including information about their routing tables.

2. After the router receives this information, it updates its local routing table, and sends triggered update messages to its neighbors. All routers on the network do this to keep the latest routing information.

3. RIP ages out routes to keep only valid routes.

RIP versions

RIP has the following versions: RIPv1 and RIPv2

RIPv1 is a classful routing protocol, and supports message advertisement through broadcast only. RIPv1 protocol messages do not carry mask information, so it can only recognize routing information of natural networks such as Class A, B, and C. For this reason, RIPv1 does not support discontiguous subnets.

RIPv2 is a classless routing protocol, and has the following advantages over RIPv1:

· Supports route tags, which are used in routing policies to flexibly control routes.

· Supports masks, route summarization, and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).

· Supports designated next hops to select the best next hops on broadcast networks.

· Supports multicast routing update to reduce resource consumption. Only RIPv2 routers can receive these update messages.

· Supports plain text authentication and MD5 authentication to enhance security.

NOTE:

RIPv2 has two types of message transmission: broadcast and multicast. Multicast is the default type using 224.0.0.9 as the multicast address. The interface working in the RIPv2 broadcast mode can also receive RIPv1 messages.

RIP message format

A RIP message consists of a header and up to 25 route entries. (A RIPv2 authentication message uses the first route entry as the authentication entry, leaving 24 available.)

RIPv1 message format

Figure 1 RIPv1 message format

· Command—Type of message. 1 indicates request, which is used to request all or part of the routing information from the neighbor; 2 indicates response, which contains all or part of the routing information. A response message consists of up to 25 route entries.

· Version—Version of RIP; 0x01 for RIPv1.

· Must be zero—This field must be zero.

· AFI—Address Family Identifier, 2 for IP.

· IP address—Destination IP address of the route. It can be a natural network, subnet or a host address.

· Metric—Cost of the route.

RIPv2 message format

The format of a RIPv2 message is similar to RIPv1.

Figure 2 RIPv2 message format

The differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2 messages are stated as follows:

· Version—Version of RIP. For RIPv2, the value is 0x02.

· Route tag—RIPv2 added route tags.

· IP address—In RIPv2, destination IP address can be a natural network address, subnet address, or host address.

· Subnet mask—RIPv2 supports mask of the destination address.

· Next hop—RIPv2 messages include next hop information. If set to 0.0.0.0, it indicates that the originator of the route is the best next hop; otherwise, it indicates a next hop better than the originator of the route.

RIPv2 authentication message format

RIPv2 sets the AFI field of the first route entry to 0xFFFF to identify authentication information.

Figure 3 RIPv2 authentication message

· Authentication type—A value of 2 represents plain text authentication, while a value of 3 represents MD5.

· Authentication—Authentication data, including password information when plain text authentication is adopted or including key ID, MD5 authentication data length, and sequence number when MD5 authentication is adopted.

NOTE:

· RFC 1723 only defines plain text authentication. For MD5 authentication information, see RFC 2453, RIP Version 2.

· With RIPv1, you can configure the authentication mode in interface view; however, the configuration will not take effect because RIPv1 does not support authentication.

TRIP

Triggered RIP (TRIP), a RIP extension for WANs, is mainly used in dial-up networks.

Working mechanism

Routing information is sent in triggered updates rather than in periodic broadcasts to reduce route management cost on WANs.

· A routing update message is sent when data in the routing table changes or the next hop is unreachable.

· Since the periodic update delivery is canceled, an acknowledgement and retransmission mechanism is required to guarantee successful updates transmission on WANs.

Message types

RIP uses the following new types of message which are identified by the value of the command field.

· Update request (Type-9)—Requests the needed routes from the neighbor

· Update response (Type-10)—Contains the routes requested by the neighbor

· Update Acknowledge (Type-11—Acknowledges received update responses

TRIP retransmission mechanism

· If the router receives no update responses within a specified interval after sending an update request, it sends the request again. If the router still receives no update response after the upper limit for sending requests is reached, it considers the neighbor unreachable.

· If the router receives no update acknowledge within a specified interval after sending an update response, it sends the update response again. If the router still receives no update acknowledge after the upper limit for sending update responses is reached, it considers the neighbor unreachable.

Supported RIP features

The current implementation supports the following RIP features:

· RIPv1 and RIPv2

· RIP VPN

RIP can serve as the IGP running between CE and PE on a BGP/MPLS VPN network. For related information, see MPLS Configuration Guide.

· TRIP

· RIP FRR

· BFD

RIP periodically sends route updates to neighbors. If no route update for a route is received within the specified interval, RIP considers the route unreachable. This mechanism cannot detect link faults quickly. After BFD is configured for RIP, when BFD detects a broken link, RIP can quickly age out the unreachable route, thus avoiding interference to other services.

Protocols and standards

· RFC 1058, Routing Information Protocol

· RFC 1723, RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information

· RFC 1721, RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis

· RFC 1722, RIP Version 2 Protocol Applicability Statement

· RFC 1724, RIP Version 2 MIB Extension

· RFC 2082, RIPv2 MD5 Authentication

· RFC 2091, Triggered Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits

· RFC 2453, RIP Version 2

RIP configuration task list

Complete the following tasks to configure RIP:

Task		Remarks
Configuring RIP basic functions		Required
Configuring RIP route control	Configuring an additional routing metric	Optional
	Configuring RIPv2 route summarization	Optional
	Disabling host route reception	Optional
	Advertising a default route	Optional
	Configuring inbound/outbound route filtering	Optional
	Configuring a priority for RIP	Optional
	Configuring RIP route redistribution	Optional
Tuning and optimizing RIP networks	Configuring RIP timers	Optional
	Configuring split horizon and poison reverse	Optional
	Configuring the maximum number of load balanced routes	Optional
	Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages	Optional
	Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates	Optional
	Configuring RIPv2 message authentication	Optional
	Specifying a RIP neighbor	Optional
	Configuring TRIP	Optional
	Configuring RIP-to-MIB binding	Optional
	Configuring the RIP packet sending rate	Optional
	Configuring RIP FRR	Optional
Configuring BFD for RIP	Single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode	Optional
Configuring BFD for RIP	Bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode	Optional

Configuring RIP basic functions

Configuration prerequisites

Before you configure RIP basic functions, complete the following tasks:

· Configure the link layer protocol.

· Configure IP addresses for interfaces, and make sure that all neighboring routers are reachable to each other.

Configuration procedure

Enabling RIP and a RIP interface

To enable RIP:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enable a RIP process and enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	Not enabled by default
3. Enable RIP on the interface attached to the specified network.	network network-address	Disabled by default

NOTE:

· If you make some RIP configurations in interface view before enabling RIP, those configurations will take effect after RIP is enabled.

· RIP runs only on the interfaces residing on the specified networks; therefore, you must specify the network after enabling RIP to validate RIP on a specific interface.

· You can enable RIP on all interfaces using the command network 0.0.0.0.

· If a physical interface is attached to multiple networks, you cannot advertise these networks in different RIP processes.

Configuring the interface behavior

To configure the interface behavior:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Disable the specific interface or all interfaces from sending routing updates (the interfaces can still receive updates).	silent-interface { interface-type interface-number \| all }	Optional. By default, all interfaces can send routing updates.
4. Return to system view.	quit	N/A
5. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
6. Enable the interface to receive RIP messages.	rip input	Optional. Enabled by default.
7. Enable the interface to send RIP messages.	rip output	Optional. Enabled by default.

Configuring a RIP version

You can configure a RIP version in RIP view or interface view under the following conditions:

· If neither global nor interface RIP version is configured, the interface sends RIPv1 broadcasts, and can receive RIPv1 broadcasts and unicasts, and RIPv2 broadcasts, multicasts, and unicasts.

· If an interface has no RIP version configured, it uses the global RIP version; otherwise, it uses the RIP version configured on it.

· With RIPv1 configured, an interface sends RIPv1 broadcasts, and can receive RIPv1 broadcasts and unicasts.

· With RIPv2 configured, a multicast interface sends RIPv2 multicasts, and can receive RIPv2 unicasts, broadcasts, and multicasts.

· With RIPv2 configured, a broadcast interface sends RIPv2 broadcasts, and can receive RIPv1 unicasts and broadcasts and RIPv2 broadcasts, multicasts, and unicasts.

To configure a RIP version:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Specify a global RIP version.	version { 1 \| 2 }	Optional. By default, if an interface has a RIP version specified, the version takes precedence over the global one. If no RIP version is specified for an interface, the interface can send RIPv1 broadcasts, and receive RIPv1 broadcasts and unicasts, and RIPv2 broadcasts, multicasts, and unicasts.
4. Return to system view.	quit	N/A
5. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
6. Specify a RIP version for the interface.	rip version { 1 \| 2 [ broadcast \| multicast ] }	Optional. By default, if an interface has no RIP version specified, the global version takes effect. If no global RIP version is specified, the interface can send RIPv1 broadcasts, and receive RIPv1 broadcasts and unicasts, and RIPv2 broadcasts, multicasts and unicasts.

Configuring RIP route control

In complex networks, you must configure advanced RIP features.

Before you configure RIP routing feature, complete the following tasks:

· Configure IP addresses for interfaces, and make sure that all neighboring routers are reachable to each other.

· Configure RIP basic functions.

Configuring an additional routing metric

An additional routing metric can be added to the metric of an inbound or outbound RIP route.

If the outbound additional metric is added to the metric of a sent route, the route’s metric in the routing table is not changed.

The inbound additional metric is added to the metric of a received route before the route is added into the routing table, and the route’s metric is changed. If the sum of the additional metric and the original metric is greater than 16, the metric of the route will be 16.

To configure additional routing metrics:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
3. Define an inbound additional routing metric.	rip metricin [ route-policy route-policy-name ] value	Optional 0 by default
4. Define an outbound additional routing metric.	rip metricout [ route-policy route-policy-name ] value	Optional 1 by default

Configuring RIPv2 route summarization

Route summarization means that subnets in a natural network are summarized into a natural network that is sent to other networks. This feature can reduce the size of routing tables.

After route summarization, the smallest metric among all the summarized routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

Enabling RIPv2 route automatic summarization

You can disable RIPv2 route automatic summarization if you want to advertise all subnet routes.

To enable RIPv2 route automatic summarization:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Enable RIPv2 automatic route summarization.	summary	Optional. Enabled by default. If the subnet routes in the routing table are not consecutive, disable automatic route summarization to avoid black hole routing.

Advertising a summary route

To configure RIPv2 to advertise a summary route on the specified interface:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Disable RIPv2 automatic route summarization.	undo summary	Enabled by default
4. Return to system view.	quit	N/A
5. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
6. Advertise a summary route.	rip summary-address ip-address { mask \| mask-length }	N/A

NOTE:

You must disable RIPv2 route automatic summarization before advertising a summary route on an interface.

Disabling host route reception

A router can receive many host routes from the same network, which is not helpful for routing and consumes a large amount of network resources. In this case, disable RIP from receiving host routes to save network resources.

To disable RIP from receiving host routes:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Disable RIP from receiving host routes.	undo host-route	Enabled by default

NOTE:

RIPv2 can be disabled from receiving host routes, but RIPv1 cannot.

Advertising a default route

Under the following conditions, you can configure RIP to advertise a default route with a specified metric to RIP neighbors.

· In RIP view, you can configure all the interfaces of the RIP process to advertise a default route; in interface view, you can configure a RIP interface of the RIP process to advertise a default route. The latter takes precedence over the former on the interface.

· If a RIP process is enabled to advertise a default route, to disable an interface of the RIP process from default route advertisement, you can use the rip default-route no-originate command on the interface.

To configure RIP to advertise a default route:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Enable RIP to advertise a default route.	default-route { only \| originate } [ cost cost ]	Optional. Not enabled by default.
4. Return to system view.	quit	N/A
5. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
6. Configure the RIP interface to advertise a default route.	rip default-route { { only \| originate } [ cost cost ] \| no-originate }	Optional. By default, a RIP interface can advertise a default route if the RIP process is configured with default route advertisement.

NOTE:

The router enabled to advertise a default route does not receive default routes from RIP neighbors.

Configuring inbound/outbound route filtering

The switch supports route filtering. You can filter routes by configuring the inbound and outbound route filtering policies by referencing an ACL or IP prefix list. You can also configure the router to receive routes only from a specified neighbor.

To configure route filtering:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure the filtering of incoming routes.	filter-policy { acl-number \| gateway ip-prefix-name \| ip-prefix ip-prefix-name [ gateway ip-prefix-name ] } import [ interface-type interface-number ]	Not configured by default
4. Configure the filtering of outgoing routes.	filter-policy { acl-number \| ip-prefix ip-prefix-name } export [ protocol [ process-id ] \| interface-type interface-number ]	Not configured by default

NOTE:

· The filter-policy import command filters incoming routes. Routes not passing the filtering will be neither installed into the routing table nor advertised to neighbors.

· The filter-policy export command filters outgoing routes, including routes redistributed with the import-route command.

Configuring a priority for RIP

Multiple IGP protocols can run in a router. If you want RIP routes to have a higher priority than those learned by other routing protocols, assign RIP a smaller priority value to influence optimal route selection.

To configure a priority for RIP:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure a priority for RIP.	preference [ route-policy route-policy-name ] value	Optional 100 by default

Configuring RIP route redistribution

If a router runs RIP and other routing protocols, you can configure RIP to redistribute OSPF, IS-IS, BGP, static, and direct routes.

To configure RIP route redistribution:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure a default metric for redistributed routes.	default cost value	Optional. The default metric of a redistributed route is 0.
4. Redistribute routes from another protocol.	import-route protocol [ process-id \| all-processes \| allow-ibgp ] [ cost cost \| route-policy route-policy-name \| tag tag ] *	By default, no redistribution is configured.

NOTE:

Only active routes can be redistributed. You can use the display ip routing-table protocol command to display route state information.

Tuning and optimizing RIP networks

Before you tune and optimize RIP networks, complete the following tasks:

· Configure IP addresses for interfaces, and make sure that all neighboring nodes are reachable to each other.

· Configure RIP basic functions.

Configuring RIP timers

You can change the RIP network convergence speed by adjusting RIP timers.

To configure RIP timers:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure values for RIP timers.	timers { garbage-collect garbage-collect-value \| suppress suppress-value \| timeout timeout-value \| update update-value } *	Optional. The default update timer, timeout timer, suppress timer, and garbage-collect timer are 30s, 180s, 120s and 120s respectively.

NOTE:

Based on network performance, make RIP timers of RIP routers identical to each other to avoid unnecessary traffic or route oscillation.

Configuring split horizon and poison reverse

NOTE:

If both split horizon and poison reverse are configured, only the poison reverse function takes effect.

The split horizon and poison reverse functions can avoid routing loops.

Enabling split horizon

The split horizon function disables an interface from sending routing information back on the same interface the information was learned from. This prevents routing loops between adjacent routers.

To enable split horizon:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
3. Enable split horizon.	rip split-horizon	Optional Enabled by default

NOTE:

Disabling the split horizon function does not take effect on a point-to-point link.

Enabling poison reverse

The poison reverse function allows an interface to advertise the routes back to the sending router, but sets the metric of these routes to 16 (unreachable). This can avoid routing loops between neighbors.

To enable poison reverse:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
3. Enable poison reverse.	rip poison-reverse	Disabled by default

Configuring the maximum number of load balanced routes

This task allows you to implement load balancing over multiple equal-cost RIP routes.

To configure the maximum number of load balanced routes:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure the maximum number of load balanced routes.	maximum load-balancing number	Optional 16 by default.

Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages

Some fields in the RIPv1 message must be zero. These fields are called zero fields. You can enable zero field check on received RIPv1 messages. If a zero field contains a non-zero value, the RIPv1 message will not be processed. If you are certain that all messages are trustworthy, disable zero field check to save CPU resources.

This feature does not apply to RIPv2 packets, because they have no zero fields.

To enable zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Enable zero field check on received RIPv1 messages.	Checkzero	Optional Enabled by default

Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates

You can enable source IP address check on incoming RIP updates.

For a message received on an Ethernet interface, RIP compares the source IP address of the message with the IP address of the interface. If they are not in the same network segment, RIP discards the message.

For a message received on a serial interface, RIP checks whether the source address of the message is the IP address of the peer interface. If not, RIP discards the message.

To enable source IP address check on incoming RIP updates:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	V
3. Enable source IP address check on incoming RIP messages.	validate-source-address	Optional Enabled by default

NOTE:

Disable the source IP address check feature if the RIP neighbor is not directly connected.

Configuring RIPv2 message authentication

In a network requiring high security, you can configure this task to implement RIPv2 message validity check and authentication.

RIPv2 supports two authentication modes: plain text and MD5.

In plain text authentication, the authentication information is sent with the RIP message, which however cannot meet high security needs.

To configure RIPv2 message authentication:

Step	Command
1. Enter system view.	system-view
2. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number
3. Configure RIPv2 authentication.	rip authentication-mode { md5 { rfc2082 key-string key-id \| rfc2453 key-string } \| simple password }

NOTE:

This feature does not apply to RIPv1 because RIPv1 does not support authentication. Although you can specify an authentication mode for RIPv1 in interface view, the configuration does not take effect.

Specifying a RIP neighbor

Usually, RIP sends messages to broadcast or multicast addresses. On non-broadcast or multicast links, you must manually specify RIP neighbors.

To specify a RIP neighbor:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Specify a RIP neighbor.	peer ip-address	N/A
4. Disable source address check on incoming RIP updates.	undo validate-source-address	Not disabled by default

NOTE:

· Do not use the peer ip-address command when the neighbor is directly connected; otherwise, the neighbor may receive both the unicast and multicast (or broadcast) of the same routing information.

· If a specified neighbor is not directly connected, disable source address check on incoming updates.

Configuring TRIP

In a connection oriented network, a router may establish connections to multiple remote devices. In a WAN, links are created and removed as needed. In such applications, a link created between two nodes for data transmission is temporary and infrequently.

TRIP should be enabled when it is necessary to exchange routing information through on-demand links or triggered RIP.

Enabling TRIP

To enable TRIP:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enable RIP.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Return to system view.	quit	N/A
4. Enter interface view.	interface pos interface-number	N/A
5. Enable TRIP.	rip triggered	Disabled by default

NOTE:

If RIP is disabled, TRIP is also disabled.

Configuring TRIP retransmission parameters

You can specify the interval and count for retransmitting a request or response as needed.

For two routers on an analog dial-up link, the difference between retransmission intervals on the two ends must be greater than 50 seconds; otherwise, they cannot become TRIP neighbors.

To configure TRIP retransmission parameters:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enable RIP and enter its view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure the interval for retransmitting an update request or update response.	trip retransmit timer retransmit-time-value	5 seconds by default
4. Configure the maximum count for retransmitting an update request or update response.	trip retransmit count retransmit-count-value	Optional 36 by default

NOTE:

The maximum retransmission interval (count × interval) for a packet cannot be so long that the router still resends the packet when its neighbor is down.

Configuring RIP-to-MIB binding

This task allows you to enable a specific RIP process to receive SNMP requests.

To bind RIP to MIB:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Bind RIP to MIB.	rip mib-binding process-id	Optional. By default, MIB is bound to RIP process 1.

Step

Command

Remarks

1. Enter system view.

system-view

N/A

2. Bind RIP to MIB.

rip mib-binding process-id

Optional.

By default, MIB is bound to RIP process 1.

Configuring the RIP packet sending rate

RIP periodically sends routing information in RIP packets to RIP neighbors.

Sending large numbers of RIP packets at the same time may affect switch performance and consume large network bandwidth. To solve this problem, specify the maximum number of RIP packets that can be sent at the specified interval.

To configure the RIP packet sending rate:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Enable a RIP process and enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
3. Configure the maximum number of RIP packets that can be sent at the specified interval.	output-delay time count count	Optional. By default, an interface sends up to three RIP packets every 20 milliseconds.

Configuring RIP FRR

NOTE:

· RIP FRR is only effective for non-recursive RIP routes (that are learned from directly connected neighbors).

· Do not use RIP FRR and BFD (for RIP) at the same time; otherwise, RIP FRR may fail to take effect.

When a link in a RIP network fails, the traffic is interrupted until RIP completes routing convergence based on the new network topology.

You can enable RIP fast reroute (FRR) to reduce traffic recovery time.

Figure 4 Network diagram

In Figure 4, after you enable FRR on Router B, RIP designates a backup next hop using a routing policy when a network failure is detected. Packets are then directed to the backup next hop for forwarding, reducing traffic recovery time. At the same time, RIP calculates the shortest path based on the new network topology, and forwards packets over that path after network convergence.

Configuration prerequisites

You must specify a next hop by using the apply fast-reroute backup-interface command in a routing policy and reference the routing policy with RIP FRR. For more information about routing policy configuration, see the chapter “Configuring routing policy.”

Configuration procedure

To configure RIP FRR:

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Configure the source address of echo packets.	bfd echo-source-ip ip-address	Not configured by default
3. Enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	N/A
4. Enable RIP FRR and reference a routing policy to designate a backup next hop.	fast-reroute route-policy route-policy-name	Disabled by default

Configuring BFD for RIP

NOTE:

For more information about BFD, see High Availability Configuration Guide.

BFD for RIP provides the following link detection modes:

· Single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode for a directly connected neighbor. In this mode, a BFD session is established only when the neighbor has route information to send.

· Bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode for an indirectly connected neighbor. In this mode, a BFD session is established only when both ends have routes to send and BFD is enabled on the receiving interface.

Single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode

To configure BFD for RIP (single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode):

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Configure the source IP address of BFD echo packets.	bfd echo-source-ip ip-address	By default, no source IP address is configured for BFD echo packets.
3. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
4. Enable BFD on the RIP interface.	rip bfd enable	Disabled by default.

Bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode

To configure BFD for RIP (bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode):

Step	Command	Remarks
1. Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2. Create a RIP process and enter RIP view.	rip [ process-id ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]	By default, RIP is disabled.
3. Specify a RIP neighbor.	peer ip-address	By default, RIP does not unicast updates to any peer.
4. Enter interface view.	interface interface-type interface-number	N/A
5. Enable BFD on the RIP interface.	rip bfd enable	Disabled by default.

NOTE:

· Unidirectional detection in BFD echo packet mode only works for RIP neighbors that are directly connected, namely, one hop away from each other.

· Using the undo peer command does not remove the neighbor relationship at once; therefore, it cannot bring down the BFD session at once.

Displaying and maintaining RIP

Task	Command	Remarks
Display RIP current status and configuration information.	display rip [ process-id \| vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] [ \| { begin \| exclude \| include } regular-expression ]	Available in any view
Display all active routes in RIP database.	display rip process-id database [ \| { begin \| exclude \| include } regular-expression ]
Display RIP interface information.	display rip process-id interface [ interface-type interface-number ] [ \| { begin \| exclude \| include } regular-expression ]
Display routing information about a specified RIP process.	display rip process-id route ip-address { mask \| mask-length } \| peer ip-address \| statistics ] [ \| { begin \| exclude \| include } regular-expression ]
Reset a RIP process.	reset rip process-id process	Available in user view
Clear the statistics of a RIP process.	reset rip process-id statistics	Available in user view

RIP configuration examples

NOTE:

By default, Ethernet, VLAN, and aggregate interfaces are down. Before configuring these interfaces, bring them up by using the undo shutdown command.

Configuring RIP version

Network requirements

As shown in Figure 5, enable RIPv2 on all interfaces on Switch A and Switch B.

Figure 5 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure basic RIP functions:

# Configure Switch A.

[SwitchA] rip

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 172.16.0.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 172.17.0.0

# Configure Switch B.

[SwitchB] rip

[SwitchB-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0

[SwitchB-rip-1] network 10.0.0.0

# Display the RIP routing table of Switch A.

[SwitchA] display rip 1 route

Route Flags: R - RIP, T - TRIP

P - Permanent, A - Aging, S - Suppressed, G - Garbage-collect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Peer 192.168.1.2 on Vlan-interface100

Destination/Mask Nexthop Cost Tag Flags Sec

10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.2 1 0 RA 11

From the routing table, you can see that RIPv1 uses a natural mask.

3. Configure RIP version:

# Configure RIPv2 on Switch A.

[SwitchA] rip

[SwitchA-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-1] undo summary

# Configure RIPv2 on Switch B.

[SwitchB] rip

[SwitchB-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchB-rip-1] undo summary

# Display the RIP routing table on Switch A.

[SwitchA] display rip 1 route

Route Flags: R - RIP, T - TRIP

P - Permanent, A - Aging, S - Suppressed, G - Garbage-collect

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Peer 192.168.1.2 on Vlan-interface100

Destination/Mask Nexthop Cost Tag Flags Sec

10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.2 1 0 RA 50

10.2.1.0/24 192.168.1.2 1 0 RA 16

10.1.1.0/24 192.168.1.2 1 0 RA 16

From the routing table, you can see that RIPv2 uses classless subnet mask.

NOTE:

RIPv1 routing information has a long aging time, so it will exist until it ages out after RIPv2 is configured.

Configuring RIP route redistribution

Network requirements

Two RIP processes, as shown in Figure 6, are running on Switch B, which communicates with Switch A through RIP 100 and with Switch C through RIP 200.

Configure route redistribution on Switch B to make RIP 200 redistribute direct routes and routes from RIP 100. Switch C can then learn routes destined for 10.2.1.0/24 and 11.1.1.0/24, while Switch A cannot learn routes destined for 12.3.1.0/24 and 16.4.1.0/24.

Configure a filtering policy on Switch B to filter out route 10.2.1.1/24 from RIP 100, making the route not advertised to Switch C.

Figure 6 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure basic RIP functions:

# Enable RIP 100 and specify RIP version 2 on Switch A.

<SwitchA> system-view

[SwitchA] rip 100

[SwitchA-rip-100] network 10.0.0.0

[SwitchA-rip-100] network 11.0.0.0

[SwitchA-rip-100] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-100] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-100] quit

# Enable RIP 100 and RIP 200 and specify RIP version 2 on Switch B.

<SwitchB> system-view

[SwitchB] rip 100

[SwitchB-rip-100] network 11.0.0.0

[SwitchB-rip-100] version 2

[SwitchB-rip-100] undo summary

[SwitchB-rip-100] quit

[SwitchB] rip 200

[SwitchB-rip-200] network 12.0.0.0

[SwitchB-rip-200] version 2

[SwitchB-rip-200] undo summary

[SwitchB-rip-200] quit

# Enable RIP 200 and specify RIP version 2 on Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchC] rip 200

[SwitchC-rip-200] network 12.0.0.0

[SwitchC-rip-200] network 16.0.0.0

[SwitchC-rip-200] version 2

[SwitchC-rip-200] undo summary

# Display the routing table of Switch C.

[SwitchC] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables: Public

Destinations : 6 Routes : 6

Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface

12.3.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 12.3.1.2 Vlan200

12.3.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

16.4.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 16.4.1.1 Vlan400

16.4.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

3. Configure route redistribution:

# On Switch B, configure RIP 200 to redistribute direct routes and routes from RIP 100.

[SwitchB] rip 200

[SwitchB-rip-200] import-route rip 100

[SwitchB-rip-200] import-route direct

[SwitchB-rip-200] quit

# Display the routing table of Switch C.

[SwitchC] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables: Public

Destinations : 8 Routes : 8

Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface

10.2.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 12.3.1.1 Vlan200

11.1.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 12.3.1.1 Vlan200

12.3.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 12.3.1.2 Vlan200

12.3.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

16.4.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 16.4.1.1 Vlan400

16.4.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

4. Configure a filtering policy to filter redistributed routes:

# Define ACL 2000 and reference it to a filtering policy to filter routes redistributed from RIP 100 on Switch B, making the route not advertised to Switch C.

[SwitchB] acl number 2000

[SwitchB-acl-basic-2000] rule deny source 10.2.1.1 0.0.0.255

[SwitchB-acl-basic-2000] rule permit

[SwitchB-acl-basic-2000] quit

[SwitchB] rip 200

[SwitchB-rip-200] filter-policy 2000 export rip 100

# Display the routing table of Switch C.

[SwitchC] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables: Public

Destinations : 7 Routes : 7

Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface

11.1.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 12.3.1.1 Vlan200

12.3.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 12.3.1.2 Vlan200

12.3.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

16.4.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 16.4.1.1 Vlan400

16.4.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface

Network requirements

RIP is enabled on all the interfaces of Switch A, Switch B, Switch C, Switch D, and Switch E, as shown in Figure 7. The switches are interconnected through RIPv2.

Switch A has two links to Switch D. The link from Switch B to Switch D is more stable than that from Switch C to Switch D. Configure an additional metric for RIP routes received through VLAN-interface 200 on Switch A so Switch A prefers the 1.1.5.0/24 network learned from Switch B.

Figure 7 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure RIP basic functions:

# Configure Switch A.

<SwitchA> system-view

[SwitchA] rip 1

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 1.0.0.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-1] quit

# Configure Switch B.

<SwitchB> system-view

[SwitchB] rip 1

[SwitchB-rip-1] network 1.0.0.0

[SwitchB-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchB-rip-1] undo summary

# Configure Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchB] rip 1

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 1.0.0.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchC-rip-1] undo summary

# Configure Switch D.

<SwitchD> system-view

[SwitchD] rip 1

[SwitchD-rip-1] network 1.0.0.0

[SwitchD-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchD-rip-1] undo summary

# Configure Switch E.

<SwitchE> system-view

[SwitchE] rip 1

[SwitchE-rip-1] network 1.0.0.0

[SwitchE-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchE-rip-1] undo summary

# Display the IP routing table of Switch A.

[SwitchA] display rip 1 database

1.0.0.0/8, cost 0, ClassfulSumm

1.1.1.0/24, cost 0, nexthop 1.1.1.1, Rip-interface

1.1.2.0/24, cost 0, nexthop 1.1.2.1, Rip-interface

1.1.3.0/24, cost 1, nexthop 1.1.1.2

1.1.4.0/24, cost 1, nexthop 1.1.2.2

1.1.5.0/24, cost 2, nexthop 1.1.1.2

1.1.5.0/24, cost 2, nexthop 1.1.2.2

The output shows two RIP routes to network 1.1.5.0/24. Their next hops are Switch B (1.1.1.2) and Switch C (1.1.2.2), respectively, with the same cost of 2. Switch C is the next hop router to reach network 1.1.4.0/24, with a cost of 1.

3. Configure an additional metric for the RIP interface:

# Configure an additional metric of 3 for VLAN-interface 200 on Switch A.

[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 200

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface200] rip metricin 3

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface200] display rip 1 database

1.0.0.0/8, cost 0, ClassfulSumm

1.1.1.0/24, cost 0, nexthop 1.1.1.1, Rip-interface

1.1.2.0/24, cost 0, nexthop 1.1.2.1, Rip-interface

1.1.3.0/24, cost 1, nexthop 1.1.1.2

1.1.4.0/24, cost 2, nexthop 1.1.1.2

1.1.5.0/24, cost 2, nexthop 1.1.1.2

The output shows only one RIP route to network 1.1.5.0/24, with the next hop as Switch B (1.1.1.2) and a cost of 2.

Configuring RIP to advertise a summary route

Network requirements

As shown in Figure 8, Switch A and Switch B run OSPF; Switch D runs RIP; and Switch C runs OSPF and RIP.

Configure RIP to redistribute OSPF routes on Switch C so Switch D has routes destined for networks 10.1.1.0/24, 10.2.1.0/24, 10.5.1.0/24, and 10.6.1.0/24.

Configure route summarization on Switch C to advertise only the summary route 10.0.0.0/8, reducing the routing table size of Switch D.

Figure 8 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure OSPF basic functions:

# Configure Switch A.

<SwitchA> system-view

[SwitchA] ospf

[SwitchA-ospf-1] area 0

[SwitchA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.5.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.2.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit

# Configure Switch B.

<SwitchB> system-view

[SwitchB] ospf

[SwitchB-ospf-1] area 0

[SwitchB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.6.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit

# Configure Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchC] ospf

[SwitchC-ospf-1] area 0

[SwitchC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.2.1.0 0.0.0.255

[SwitchC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit

3. Configure RIP basic functions:

# Configure Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchC] rip 1

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 11.3.1.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchC-rip-1] undo summary

# Configure Switch D.

<SwitchD> system-view

[SwitchD] rip 1

[SwitchD-rip-1] network 11.0.0.0

[SwitchD-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchD-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchD-rip-1] quit

# Configure RIP to redistribute the routes from OSPF process 1 and direct routes on Switch C.

[SwitchC-rip-1] import-route direct

[SwitchC-rip-1] import-route ospf 1

# Display the routing table information of Switch D.

[SwitchD] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables: Public

Destinations : 10 Routes : 10

Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 11.3.1.1 Vlan300

10.2.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 11.3.1.1 Vlan300

10.5.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 11.3.1.1 Vlan300

10.6.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 11.3.1.1 Vlan300

11.3.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 11.3.1.2 Vlan300

11.3.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

11.4.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 11.4.1.2 Vlan400

11.4.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

4. Configure route summarization on Switch C and advertise only the summary route 10.0.0.0/8:

[SwitchC] interface vlan-interface 300

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface300] rip summary-address 10.0.0.0 8

# Display the routing table information of Switch D.

[SwitchD] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables: Public

Destinations : 7 Routes : 7

Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface

10.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 1 11.3.1.1 Vlan300

11.3.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 11.3.1.2 Vlan300

11.3.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

11.4.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 11.4.1.2 Vlan400

11.4.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0

RIP FRR configuration example

Network requirements

Switch S, Switch A, and Switch D are interconnected through RIPv2, as illustrated in Figure 9. When Link A fails, services will be switched to Link B immediately.

Figure 9 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses of the interfaces on each switch and configure RIPv2.

Follow Figure 9 to configure the IP address and subnet mask of each interface on the switches. (Details not shown)

Configure RIPv2 on the switches, ensuring that Switch A, Switch D, and Switch S can communicate with each other at Layer 3 and dynamic route update can be implemented among them with RIPv2. (Details not shown)

2. Configure RIP FRR:

# Configure Switch S.

<SwitchS> system-view

[SwitchS] bfd echo-source-ip 1.1.1.1

[SwitchS] ip ip-prefix abc index 10 permit 4.4.4.4 32

[SwitchS] route-policy frr permit node 10

[SwitchS-route-policy] if-match ip-prefix abc

[SwitchS-route-policy] apply fast-reroute backup-interface vlan-interface 100 backup-nexthop 12.12.12.2

[SwitchS-route-policy] quit

[SwitchS] rip 1

[SwitchS-rip-1] fast-reroute route-policy frr

[SwitchS-rip-1] quit

# Configure Switch D.

<SwitchD> system-view

[SwitchD] bfd echo-source-ip 4.4.4.4

[SwitchD] ip ip-prefix abc index 10 permit 1.1.1.1 32

[SwitchD] route-policy frr permit node 10

[SwitchD-route-policy] if-match ip-prefix abc

[SwitchD-route-policy] apply fast-reroute backup-interface vlan-interface 101 backup-nexthop 24.24.24.2

[SwitchD-route-policy] quit

[SwitchD] rip 1

[SwitchD-rip-1] fast-reroute route-policy frr

[SwitchD-rip-1] quit

3. Verify the configuration:

# Display route 4.4.4.4/32 on Switch S, then you can view the backup next hop information.

[SwitchS] display ip routing-table 4.4.4.4 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 1

Destination: 4.4.4.4/32

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 1

Preference: 100 Cost: 1

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 13.13.13.2 Interface: vlan200

BkNextHop: 12.12.12.2 BkInterface: vlan100

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 0.0.0.0

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h01m27s

Tag: 0

# Display route 1.1.1.1/32 on Switch D, then you can view the backup next hop information.

[SwitchD] display ip routing-table 1.1.1.1 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 1

Destination: 1.1.1.1/32

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 1

Preference: 100 Cost: 1

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 13.13.13.1 Interface: vlan200

BkNextHop: 24.24.24.2 BkInterface: vlan101

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 0.0.0.0

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h01m27s

Tag: 0

Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode)

Network requirements

Switch A and Switch C are interconnected through a Layer 2 switch, as shown in Figure 10. VLAN-interface 100 of the two switches runs RIP process 1; BFD is enabled on VLAN-interface 100 of Switch A.

Switch A is connected to Switch C through Switch B. VLAN-interface 200 on Switch A runs RIP process 2; VLAN-interface 300 on Switch C, and VLAN-interface 200 and VLAN-interface 300 on Switch B run RIP process 1.

Configure a static route and enable static route redistribution into RIP on Switch C. Switch A learns the static route sent by Switch C, and the outbound interface of the route is the interface connected to the Layer 2 switch.

When the link between Switch C and the Layer 2 switch fails, BFD can quickly detect the link failure and notify it to RIP, and the BFD session goes down. In response, RIP deletes the neighbor relationship with Switch C and the route information received from Switch C. Then, Switch A learns the static route sent by Switch C, with the outbound interface being the interface connected to Switch B.

Figure 10 Network diagram

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure RIP basic functions:

# Configure Switch A.

<SwitchA> system-view

[SwitchA] rip 1

[SwitchA-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] quit

[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 100

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] rip bfd enable

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] quit

[SwitchA] rip 2

[SwitchA-rip-2] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-2] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-2] network 192.168.2.0

[SwitchA-rip-2] quit

# Configure Switch B.

<SwitchB> system-view

[SwitchB] rip 1

[SwitchB-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchB-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchB-rip-1] network 192.168.2.0

[SwitchB-rip-1] network 192.168.3.0

[SwitchB-rip-1] quit

# Configure Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchC] rip 1

[SwitchC-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchC-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 192.168.3.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] import-route static

[SwitchC-rip-1] quit

3. Configure BFD parameters:

# Configure Switch A.

[SwitchA] bfd session init-mode active

[SwitchA] bfd echo-source-ip 11.11.11.11

[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 100

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd min-transmit-interval 500

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd min-receive-interval 500

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd detect-multiplier 7

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] quit

[SwitchA] quit

4. Configure a static route on Switch C:

[SwitchC] ip route-static 100.1.1.1 24 null 0

5. Verify the configuration:

# Display the BFD session information of Switch A.

<SwitchA> display bfd session

Total Session Num: 1 Init Mode: Active

Session Working Under Echo Mode:

LD SourceAddr DestAddr State Holdtime Interface

5 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 Up 2000ms Vlan100

# Display the RIP route learned from Switch B on Switch A.

<SwitchA> display ip routing-table 100.1.1.0 24 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 2

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 1

Preference: 100 Cost: 1

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.1.2 Interface: vlan-interface 100

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.1.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h00m47s

Tag: 0

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 2

Preference: 100 Cost: 2

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.2.2 Interface: vlan-interface 200

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.2.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Inactive Adv Age: 00h12m50s

Tag: 0

# Enable RIP event debugging on Switch A.

<SwitchA> debugging rip 1 event

<SwitchA> terminal debugging

# When the link between Switch C and the Layer 2 switch fails, Switch A quickly detects the change.

%Jan 19 10:41:51:203 2008 SwitchA BFD/4/LOG:Sess[192.168.1.1/192.168.1.2, Vlan-interface 100,Ctrl], Sta: UP->DOWN, Diag: 1

*Jan 19 10:33:12:813 2008 SwitchA RM/6/RMDEBUG: RIP-BFD: Message Type Disable, Connect Type Direct-connect, Pkt Type Echo, Src IP Address 192.168.1.1, Src IFIndex4, Nbr IP Address 192.168.1.2.

# Display the BFD information of Switch A.

Switch A deleted the neighbor relationship with Switch C and displays no output information.

<SwitchA> display bfd session

# Display the RIP routes of RIP process 1 on Switch A.

The RIP route learned from Switch C no longer exists.

<SwitchA> display rip 1 route

Route Flags: R - RIP, T - TRIP

P - Permanent, A - Aging, S - Suppressed, G - Garbage-collect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Display the RIP route 100.1.1.0/24 learned on Switch A.

<SwitchA> display ip routing-table 100.1.1.0 24 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 1

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 2

Preference: 100 Cost: 2

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.2.2 Interface: vlan-interface 200

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.2.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h18m40s

Tag: 0

Configuring BFD for RIP (bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode)

Network requirements

Switch A is connected to Switch C through Switch B, as shown in Figure 11. VLAN-interface 100 on Switch A and VLAN-interface 200 on Switch C run RIP process 1.

Configure a static route to Switch C on Switch A, and configure a static route to Switch A on Switch C. Enable BFD on VLAN-interface 100 of Switch A and VLAN-interface 200 of Switch C.

Switch A is connected to Switch C through Switch D. VLAN-interface 300 on Switch A runs RIP process 2; VLAN-interface 400 on Switch C, and VLAN-interface 300 and VLAN-interface 400 on Switch D run RIP process 1.

Enable static route redistribution into RIP on Switch A and Switch C so Switch A and Switch C have routes to send to each other. Switch A learns the static route sent by Switch C, the outbound interface is the interface connected to Switch B.

When the link between Switch B and Switch C fails, BFD can quickly detect the link failure and notify it to RIP, and the BFD session goes down. In response, RIP deletes the neighbor relationship with Switch C and the route information received from Switch C. Then, Switch A learns the static route sent by Switch C, with the outbound interface of the route being the interface connected to Switch D.

Figure 11 Network diagram

Device	Interface	IP address	Device	Interface	IP address
Switch A	Vlan-int300	192.168.3.1/24	Switch B	Vlan-int100	192.168.1.2/24
	Vlan-int100	192.168.1.1/24		Vlan-int200	192.168.2.1/24
Switch C	Vlan-int200	192.168.2.2/24	Switch D	Vlan-int300	192.168.3.2/24
	Vlan-int400	192.168.4.2/24		Vlan-int400	192.168.4.1/24

Configuration procedure

1. Configure IP addresses for interfaces. (Details not shown)

2. Configure RIP basic functions and enable static route redistribution into RIP so Switch A and Switch C have routes to send to each other:

# Configure Switch A.

<SwitchA> system-view

[SwitchA] rip 1

[SwitchA-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] network 101.1.1.0

[SwitchA-rip-1] peer 192.168.2.2

[SwitchA-rip-1] undo validate-source-address

[SwitchA-rip-1] import-route static

[SwitchA-rip-1] quit

[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 100

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] rip bfd enable

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] quit

[SwitchA] rip 2

[SwitchA-rip-2] version 2

[SwitchA-rip-2] undo summary

[SwitchA-rip-2] network 192.168.3.0

[SwitchA-rip-2] quit

# Configure Switch C.

<SwitchC> system-view

[SwitchC] rip 1

[SwitchC-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchC-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 192.168.2.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 192.168.4.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] network 100.1.1.0

[SwitchC-rip-1] peer 192.168.1.1

[SwitchC-rip-1] undo validate-source-address

[SwitchC-rip-1] import-route static

[SwitchC-rip-1] quit

[SwitchC] interface vlan-interface 200

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] rip bfd enable

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] quit

# Configure Switch D.

<SwitchD> system-view

[SwitchD] rip 1

[SwitchD-rip-1] version 2

[SwitchD-rip-1] undo summary

[SwitchD-rip-1] network 192.168.3.0

[SwitchD-rip-1] network 192.168.4.0

3. Configure BFD parameters:

# Configure Switch A.

[SwitchA] bfd session init-mode active

[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 100

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd min-transmit-interval 500

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd min-receive-interval 500

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] bfd detect-multiplier 7

[SwitchA-Vlan-interface100] quit

# Configure Switch C.

[SwitchC] bfd session init-mode active

[SwitchC] interface vlan-interface 200

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] bfd min-transmit-interval 500

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] bfd min-receive-interval 500

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] bfd detect-multiplier 7

[SwitchC-Vlan-interface200] quit

4. Configure static routes:

# Configure a static route to Switch C on Switch A.

[SwitchA] ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 vlan-interface 100 192.168.1.2

[SwitchA] quit

# Configure a static route to Switch A on Switch C.

[SwitchC] ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 vlan-interface 200 192.168.2.1

5. Verify the configuration:

# Display the BFD session information of Switch A.

<SwitchA> display bfd session

Total Session Num: 1 Init Mode: Active

Session Working Under Ctrl Mode:

LD/RD SourceAddr DestAddr State Holdtime Interface

6/3 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.2 Up 1700ms vlan100

# Display the RIP route 100.1.1.0/24 learned on Switch A.

<SwitchA> display ip routing-table 100.1.1.0 24 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 2

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 1

Preference: 100 Cost: 1

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.1.2 Interface: vlan-interface 100

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.1.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h00m47s

Tag: 0

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 2

Preference: 100 Cost: 2

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.3.2 Interface: vlan-interface 300

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.3.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Inactive Adv Age: 00h12m50s

Tag: 0

# Enable RIP event debugging on Switch A.

<SwitchA> debugging rip 1 event

<SwitchA> terminal debugging

# When the link between Switch B and Switch C fails, Switch A quickly detects the link state change.

%Jan 19 10:41:51:203 2008 SwitchA BFD/4/LOG:Sess[192.168.1.1/192.168.2.2, Vlan-interface 100, Ctrl], Sta: UP->DOWN, Diag: 1

*Jan 19 10:41:51:203 2008 SwitchA RM/6/RMDEBUG: RIP-BFD: Message Type Disable, Connect Type Indirect-connect, Pkt Type Control, Src IP Address 192.168.1.1, Src IFIndex 4, Nbr IP Address 192.168.2.2.

# Display the BFD information of Switch A.

Switch A deleted the neighbor relationship with Switch C and displays no output information.

<SwitchA> display bfd session

# Display the RIP routes of RIP process 1 on Switch A.

The RIP route learned from Switch C no longer exists.

<SwitchA> display rip 1 route

Route Flags: R - RIP, T - TRIP

P - Permanent, A - Aging, S - Suppressed, G - Garbage-collect

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Display the RIP route 100.1.1.0/24 learned on Switch A.

<SwitchA> display ip routing-table 100.1.1.0 24 verbose

Routing Table : Public

Summary Count : 1

Destination: 100.1.1.0/24

Protocol: RIP Process ID: 2

Preference: 100 Cost: 2

IpPrecedence: QosLcId:

NextHop: 192.168.3.2 Interface: vlan-interface 300

BkNextHop: 0.0.0.0 BkInterface:

RelyNextHop: 0.0.0.0 Neighbor : 192.168.3.2

Tunnel ID: 0x0 Label: NULL

BKTunnel ID: 0x0 BKLabel: NULL

State: Active Adv Age: 00h18m40s

Tag: 0

Troubleshooting RIP

No RIP updates received

Symptom

No RIP updates are received when the links work well.

Analysis

After enabling RIP, use the network command to enable corresponding interfaces. Make sure no interfaces are disabled from handling RIP messages.

If the peer is configured to send multicast messages, the same should be configured on the local end.

Solution

1. Use the display current-configuration command to check RIP configuration

2. Use the display rip command to check whether some interface is disabled

Route oscillation occurred

Symptom

When all links work well, route oscillation occurs on the RIP network. After displaying the routing table, you may find some routes appear and disappear in the routing table intermittently.

Analysis

In the RIP network, make sure all the same timers within the entire network are identical and relationships between timers are reasonable. For example, the timeout timer value should be greater than the update timer value.

Solution

1. Use the display rip command to check the configuration of RIP timers.

2. Use the timers command to adjust timers properly.

07-Layer 3 - IP Routing Configuration Guide

RIP overview

RIP working mechanism

Introduction

RIP operation

RIP versions

RIP message format

RIPv1 message format

RIPv2 message format

RIPv2 authentication message format

Working mechanism

Message types

TRIP retransmission mechanism

Configuring RIP basic functions

Configuration procedure

Enabling RIP and a RIP interface

Configuring the interface behavior

Configuring a RIP version

Configuring RIP route control

Configuring an additional routing metric

Configuring RIPv2 route summarization

Enabling RIPv2 route automatic summarization

Advertising a summary route

Disabling host route reception

Configuring inbound/outbound route filtering

Configuring a priority for RIP

Configuring RIP route redistribution

Tuning and optimizing RIP networks

Configuring RIP timers

Configuring split horizon and poison reverse

Enabling split horizon

Enabling poison reverse

Configuring the maximum number of load balanced routes

Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages

Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates

Specifying a RIP neighbor

Configuring TRIP

Enabling TRIP

Configuring TRIP retransmission parameters

Configuration prerequisites

Configuration procedure

Configuring BFD for RIP

RIP configuration examples

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Configuring RIP route redistribution

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop detection in BFD echo packet mode)

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

Symptom

Analysis

Solution

Symptom

Analysis

Solution

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